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First published online March 14, 2005
Journal of Experimental Biology 208, 1117-1124 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01490

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The role of mineralized tissue in the buffering of lactic acid during anoxia and exercise in the leopard frog Rana pipiens

Daniel E. Warren^* and Donald C. Jackson

Brown University, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Box G, Providence, RI 02912, USA

View larger version (36K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Dorsal view of a frog depicting the location of the auditory capsule. The endolymphatic system (region shaded black) is omitted from the left side. (Modified from Whiteside, 1922.)

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Lactate concentration in plasma, carcass, auditory capsule (Aud. Caps.), femur, gastrocnemius muscle (Gastroc.), liver and heart in controls, after 2 h anoxia and after exhaustive exercise in leopard frogs at 15°C. Lactate concentrations after anoxia and exercise are significantly higher than controls for all tissues. Values are means ± S.E.M., N=5-6 per treatment for each tissue. Differences between tissues within a treatment are indicated by differing letters (two-way MANOVA, Student's post-hoc t-test)

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Plasma concentrations of (A) Ca2+, (B) Mg2+ and (C) Pi in controls, after 2 h anoxia and after exhaustive exercise in leopard frogs at 15°C. Values are means ± S.E.M., N=6 per treatment for each ion. Differences between treatments are indicated by differing letters (LSM, Student's post-hoc t-test).

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Plasma concentrations of (A) K+ and (B) Na+ in controls, after 2 h anoxia and after exhaustive exercise in leopard frogs at 15°C. Values are means ± S.E.M., N=5 per treatment for each ion. Differences between treatments are indicated by differing letters (LSM, Student's post-hoc t-test).

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Concentration of lactate (mmol kg-1 wet mass) in frog femurs incubated in 30 mmol l-1 lactate for 6 and 24 h at pH 8.0 or 7.3. Values are means ± S.E.M., N =6 per treatment at each time point. There was no significant time x pH interaction but there were separate pH and time effects (LSM, Student's post-hoc t-test).