First published online March 14, 2005
Journal of Experimental Biology 208, 1035-1043 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01477
Direct calorimetry reveals large errors in respirometric estimates of energy expenditure
Glenn E. Walsberg* and
Ty C.M. Hoffman
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
85287-4501, USA

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Fig. 1. Rate of oxygen consumption during 17 h after removal from food. Values are
means ± 95% confidence intervals; N=10 for each species.
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Fig. 2. Rate of carbon dioxide production during 17 h after removal from food.
Values are means ± 95% confidence intervals; N=10 for each
species.
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Fig. 3. Metabolic heat production measured by direct calorimetry during 17 h after
removal from food. Values are means ± 95% confidence intervals;
N=10 for each species.
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Fig. 4. Respiratory exchange ratios during 17 h after removal from food. Values are
means ± 95% confidence intervals; N=10 for each species.
Broken lines indicate expected maximum and minimum values.
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Fig. 5. Thermal equivalents of oxygen consumption during 17 h after removal from
food. Values are means ± 95% confidence intervals; N=10 for
each species. Broken lines represent the expected maximum and minimum values
(Table 1).
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Fig. 6. Thermal equivalents of carbon dioxide production during 17 h after removal
from food. Values are means ± 95% confidence intervals; N=10
for each species. Broken lines represent the expected maximum and minimum
values (Table 1).
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Fig. 7. Mean absolute error in estimates of the thermal equivalent of either
CO2 production or O2 consumption produced by assuming
that protein is conserved and using the respiratory exchange ratio to estimate
the fractional content of lipids and carbohydrates in the catabolic substrate.
Filled circles indicate N=10. Unfilled circles indicate that sample
size was reduced below 10 because RER values outside of the range of 0.71-1.00
did not allow estimation of thermal equivalents for some individuals.
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Fig. 8. Mean absolute error in estimates of the thermal equivalent of
CO2 production and O2 consumption by measuring either
gas and assuming that the animal is catabolizing lipids. N=10 for
each species.
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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2005