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First published online March 8, 2005
Journal of Experimental Biology 208, 849-857 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01489

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Activity of three muscles associated with the uncinate processes of the giant Canada goose Branta canadensis maximus

J. R. Codd^1,*, D. F. Boggs², S. F. Perry¹ and D. R. Carrier³

¹ Institute for Zoology, Poppelsdorfer Schloss, Bonn University, Bonn 53115, Germany
² Department of Biology, Hall of Sciences, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA 99004, USA
³ Department of Biology, 201 South Biology Building, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA

View larger version (92K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Location of the external intercostal (1), appendicocostalis (2) and external oblique muscles (3) investigated in this study using both patch (I; external intercostals; lateral aspect of the muscle medial to the appendicocostalis) and sew-through electrodes (II; appendicocostalis), (III; external oblique). The anterior portion of the external oblique has been removed for clarity. One representative site (I, II, III) for electrode placements is shown for each muscle. Anterior is to the left, posterior to the right.

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Means of binned rectified EMG traces of the external intercostal, appendicocostalis and external oblique muscles during hissing when standing. The rectified EMG trace is sampled relative to breath (the onset of expiratory airflow to the end of inspiratory airflow). During hissing the external intercostal demonstrates no respiratory bursting, the appendicocostalis demonstrates inspiratory activity and increased bursting consistent with a larger inspiration and the external oblique demonstrates expiratory activity and increased bursting consistent with an increased expiration.

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Means of binned rectified EMG traces of the external intercostal muscle during hissing whilst running. The rectified EMG trace is sampled relative to breath (the onset of expiratory airflow to the end of inspiratory airflow) and relative to stride (peak contralateral limb support to next peak contralateral limb support). The external intercostal demonstrates no respiratory activity; rather bursting activity correlates with contralateral limb support.

View larger version (10K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Means of binned rectified EMG traces of the external intercostal muscle during (A) sitting and (B) standing. Data are presented from Goose A, averaged over 20 breaths and shown here for one breath cycle: the onset of expiratory airflow to the end of inspiratory airflow. The external intercostal demonstrates no respiratory bursting activity.

View larger version (29K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Means of binned rectified EMG traces of the external intercostal muscle during (A) coupled walking: breathing and footfall in phase, (B) uncoupled running relative to breath: the onset of expiratory airflow to the end of inspiratory airflow and (C) uncoupled running relative to stride: one stride length. Data are presented from Goose A averaged over 20 breaths or 20 strides. The external intercostal is a locomotor muscle and its activity correlates with contralateral limb support.

View larger version (33K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Means of binned rectified EMG traces of the appendicocostalis muscle during (A) sitting and (B) standing. Data are presented from Goose A, averaged over 20 breaths and shown here from one breath cycle: the onset of expiratory airflow to the end of inspiratory airflow. The appendicocostalis is an inspiratory muscle and demonstrates increased activity during sitting.

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Means of binned rectified EMG traces of the appendicocostalis muscle during (A) coupled walking: breathing and footfall in phase, (B) uncoupled running relative to breath: the onset of expiratory airflow to the end of inspiratory airflow and (C) uncoupled running relative to stride: one stride length. Data are presented from Goose A, averaged over 20 breaths or 20 strides. The appendicocostalis is an inspiratory muscle but does demonstrate some locomotor function which correlates with contralateral limb support.

View larger version (11K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Means of binned rectified EMG traces of the external oblique muscle during (A) sitting and (B) standing. Data are presented from Goose A and are averaged over 20 breaths and shown here from one breath cycle – the onset of expiratory airflow to the end of inspiratory airflow. The external oblique is an expiratory muscle and demonstrates no bursting activity during sitting.

View larger version (37K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Means of binned rectified EMG traces of the external oblique muscle during (A) coupled walking: breathing and footfall in phase, (B) uncoupled running relative to breath: the onset of expiratory airflow to the end of inspiratory airflow and (C) uncoupled running relative to stride: one stride length. Data are presented from Goose A, averaged over 20 breaths or 20 strides. The external oblique is an expiratory muscle and demonstrates no locomotor activity.