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First published online February 4, 2005
Journal of Experimental Biology 208, 671-680 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01474

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Olfactory learning by means of trophallaxis in Apis mellifera

Mariana Gil¹ and Rodrigo J. De Marco^2,*

¹ Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
² Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Biologie-Neurobiologie, Berlin D-14195, Germany

View larger version (34K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. General percentage of proboscis extensions (%PEG) from two different groups of animals that received either unscented or scented (50 µl l-1) 1.8 mol l-1 sucrose solution during a single trophallactic interaction. Asterisks indicate statistical differences (G-test, ***P<0.001; see Results for details). The number of animals is given in parentheses.

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Conditioned responses from six different groups of animals, defined on the basis of the odour concentration present in the 1.8 mol l-1 sucrose solution they received during a single trophallactic interaction. (A) General percentage of proboscis extensions (%PEG). Letters indicate statistical differences among the different odour concentrations (G-test, P<0.001; see Results for details): the results of two groups that do not differ significantly are denoted by the same letter. (B) Percentage of proboscis extensions (%PE) corresponding to the first (%PE1, white bars), the second (%PE2, grey bars) and the third test (%PE3, black bars). Animals were tested 21, 27 and 46 h following trophallaxis in a cumulative fashion. Asterisks indicate statistical differences among tests (McNemar test, *P<0.05). The number of animals is given in parentheses. In B, differences in the sample size within a given odour concentration are due to differences in mortality and US responsiveness prior to the tests.

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Conditioned responses from two different groups of animals that received different concentrations of scented (5 µl l-1) sucrose solution during trophallaxis (either 0.5 mol l-1 or 1.8 mol l-1). A control group of animals (C) received unscented 0.5 mol l-1 sucrose solution. (A) General percentage of proboscis extensions (%PEG). Letters indicate statistical differences among the different odour concentrations (G-test, ***P<0.001; see Results for details): the results of two groups that do not differ significantly are denoted by the same letter. (B) Percentage of proboscis extensions (%PE) corresponding to the first (%PE1, white bars), second (%PE2, grey bars) and third tests (%PE3, black bars). Animals were tested 21, 27 and 46 h following trophallaxis in a cumulative fashion. The number of animals is given in parentheses. In B, differences in the sample size within a given group are due to differences in mortality and US responsiveness prior to the tests.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Conditioned responses from two different groups of animals that collected different unscented sucrose concentrations at the training feeder (either 0.5 mol l-1 or 1.8 mol l-1) prior to trophallaxis. Once in the arena, all the animals received scented (5 µl l-1) 1.8 mol l-1 sucrose solution during trophallaxis. Data are presented for the first (%PE1, white bars), the second (%PE2, grey bars) and the third test (%PE3, black bars). Animals were tested 21, 27 and 46 hfollowing trophallaxis in a cumulative fashion. Asterisks indicate statistical differences among tests (G-test, ***P<0.001). The number of animals is given in parentheses. Differences in the sample size within each group are due to differences in mortality and US responsiveness prior to the tests.