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First published online January 25, 2005
Journal of Experimental Biology 208, 421-432 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01380

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Optimal swim speeds for traversing velocity barriers: an analysis of volitional high-speed swimming behavior of migratory fishes

Theodore Castro-Santos

S.O. Conte Anadromous Fish Research Center, USGS-Leetown Science Center, PO Box 796, One Migratory Way, Turners Falls, MA 01376, USA

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Predicted distance maxima (in body lengths, BL) based on Equation 1, in still water (A) and in the presence of flow (B; contours indicate flow velocity, Uf). Data are for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Bainbridge, 1960).

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Ground distance covered before fatigue as predicted from Equation 1 for prolonged and sprint modes of white sucker (this study). (A) The full range of possible distances covered at each mode up to 16 BL s-1 against flow velocities of 5–10 BL s-1 (contours). (B) Maximum distance attainable at each mode when fish swim at optimum speed against flows ranging up to 15 BL s-1. Fish should switch modes where the two curves intersect (Ufcrit). For an explanation of symbols, see List of symbols.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Cross-sectional profiles of the relative velocities in each zone of the flume, by nominal velocity. Data are for flow rates of 1.5 m s-1 (A), 2.5 m s-1 (B) and 3.5 and 4.5 m s-1 (C), and were used to calculate the correction factors in Table 1 (see text for details). Arrowheads, location of the water surface.

View larger version (29K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Swim speed–fatigue time relationship by species. Data are color-coded to indicate prolonged (blue) and sprint (red) modes; censored data are indicated by triangles, and complete data by circles. Coefficients indicate the slope ± 1 S.E.M. of the relationship for prolonged (bP) and sprint (bS) modes.

View larger version (39K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Observed and predicted groundspeeds. Points and boxes are observed mean and 95% confidence intervals of mean groundspeed by species and nominal velocity; whiskers are 10th and 90th percentiles. Horizontal lines indicate predicted optimum groundspeeds for prolonged (blue) and sprint (red) modes; hatching reflects 95% confidence interval of the prediction.