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First published online December 2, 2005
Journal of Experimental Biology 208, 4689-4698 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01927

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The adaptive function of tiger moth clicks against echolocating bats: an experimental and synthetic approach

John M. Ratcliffe^* and James H. Fullard

Department of Zoology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G5, Canada

View larger version (29K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Parameter functions for three gleaning echolocation call sequences of an individual M. septentrionalis. (A) Attack on non-arctiid moth; (B) attack on muted C. tenera; (C) attack on intact C. tenera. Duration = call duration. Duty cycle = duration/period. Modulation cycle (open triangles) indicates the onset of the first click of each tymbal modulation cycle. Broken lines represent the bat's initial contact with the trellis and the bat taking off from the trellis (estimated from spectrograms). In A, the bat did not produce calls detected by our microphone from just prior to contact with the trellis, as expected, or as it flew away, perhaps due to the moth in its mouth.

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. During aerial-hawking attacks on intact C. tenera, the call period (ms) for two echolocation calls immediately preceding the first click (period 1) and the period for two echolocation calls immediately after the first click (period 3) were shorter in duration than the period for two calls between which the first click fell (period 2). Period represents the time from the beginning of call x to the beginning of call x+1. Values are means ± S.E.M.

View larger version (33K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Parameter functions for three gleaning echolocation call sequences of an individual M. septentrionalis. (A) Attack on non-arctiid moth; (B) attack on muted C. tenera; (C) attack on intact C. tenera. See Fig. 1 for further details.

View larger version (106K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Spectrogram of M. septentrionalis during aborted aerial-hawking attack on tethered intact C. tenera.

View larger version (105K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Spectrogram of M. septentrionalis during completed aerial-hawking attack on tethered intact C. tenera.