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First published online November 17, 2005
Journal of Experimental Biology 208, 4529-4547 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01903

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Muscle fiber-type variation in lizards (Squamata) and phylogenetic reconstruction of hypothesized ancestral states

Kevin E. Bonine^1,*, Todd T. Gleeson² and Theodore Garland, Jr³

¹ Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210088 Tucson, AZ 85721, USA,
² Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
³ Department of Biology, University of California Riverside, CA 92521, USA

View larger version (31K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Hypothesized phylogenetic relationships for 24 species of lizard examined in this study. See phylogeny section in the Materials and methods for explanation. Branch lengths are arbitrary (as suggested by Pagel, 1992).

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Bivariate scatterplots of body and limb linear dimensions in relation to body mass for 24 species of lizard (see Fig. 1 for species codes), using mean values reported in Table 1.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Proportion of fast-glycolytic fibers in the iliofibularis muscle (Table 2) in relation to hypothesized phylogenetic relationships among 24 lizard species (see Fig. 1 for species codes).

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Bivariate scatterplots of fiber-type proportion of the iliofibularis and cross-sectional area of individual fibers in relation to body mass for 24 species of lizard (see Fig. 1 for species codes), using mean values reported in Tables 2 and 3.

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Bivariate scatterplots of thigh and iliofibularis muscle properties in relation to body mass (see Fig. 1 for species codes) for 23 species of lizard (Dipsosaurus data not available for these variables), using mean values from Tables 1 and 2.

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. (A) Proportion of fast twitch-glycolytic (FG) and fast twitch-oxidative glycolytic (FOG) muscle fiber types in the iliofibularis in 24 species of lizard (see Fig. 1 for species codes). Across all 24 species, the correlation is r=–0.940 (2-tailed, P<0.001). (B) Phylogenetically independent contrasts of data presented in A, using topology and branch lengths shown in Fig. 1 (number of independent contrasts is always one less than the number of species). Correlation (computed through origin)=–0.886 (P<0.001). Deleting the sand versus horned contrast reduces the magnitude of the correlation to –0.794 (P<0.001).

View larger version (9K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Arbitrary branch lengths used for initial estimates of ancestral values (A; following Pagel., 1992) and after alteration based on standard errors for the proportional area of fast twitch-oxidative glycolytic (FOG) fibers (B) or the proportional area of fast twitch-glycolytic (FG) fibers in the iliofibularis (C). Topology is the same as in Fig. 1. Refer to text and Table 5 for numerical values of reconstructed ancestral nodes and demonstration of how inclusion of standard errors alters both node estimates and confidence intervals.

View larger version (31K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. (A) Graphical depiction of reconstructed nodal values of fast-twitch glycolytic (FG) fiber proportion during the evolution of the 24 lizard species included in this study (see Fig. 1 for topology and branch lengths used). Confidence intervals (95%) were calculated for selected nodes; root of all 24 species, origin of Phrynosomatidae, and origin of Sceloporus group within Phrynosomatidae. (B) Same as A, but for fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) fiber proportion. The reconstructed ancestral nodes and confidence intervals in each panel incorporate the standard errors for proportion measurements (see Fig. 7; refer to text and Table 5 for numerical values).

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