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First published online November 17, 2005
Journal of Experimental Biology 208, 4495-4507 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01928
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Insect gas exchange patterns: a phylogenetic perspective

Elrike Marais*, C. Jaco Klok, John S. Terblanche and Steven L. Chown

Spatial, Physiological and Conservation Ecology Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa



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  		Fig. 1. Continuous gas exchange patterns (A; from a cockroach) are defined here as those in which the fluctuations between high and low VCO2 release are not regular, while cyclic patterns (B; from a centipede) are defined as those which show bursts at more regular intervals. The cyclic patterns are characterised by interburst periods (IB) and burst periods (B).

 




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  		Fig. 2. (A–T) Representative continuous, cyclic or discontinuous gas exchange patterns for all of the species and orders investigated in this study. Zehntneria mystica (Phasmatodea, Phasmatidae) (L) is not discussed in the text. However, a single specimen showed a clear cyclic trace, therefore the graph is included. The other phasmid, Extatosoma tiaratum (K), is a leaf-mimicking species that shows a swaying response to the slightest air flow, which explains the limited evidence for cyclic gas exchange in this species.

 


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  		Fig. 3. Phylogeny of insects (redrawn from Gullan and Cranston, 2005Go) indicating the gas exchange patterns that are shown by species within each of the orders. Symbols for the gas exchange patterns are as follows: squares, continuous gas exchange; circles, cyclic gas exchange; triangles, discontinuous gas exchange. The parsimony analysis is also indicated on the phylogeny and shows that the cyclic pattern is the ancestral condition at rest. Discontinuous gas exchange cycles (DGCs) have been observed in only 5 of the 30 orders of insects, while continuous and cyclic patterns have been observed in all of the orders examined.

 


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  		Fig. 4. The distribution of discontinuous gas exchange cycles (DGCs) across the arthropod phylogeny (redrawn from Chown and Nicolson, 2004Go).

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2005