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First published online October 21, 2005
Journal of Experimental Biology 208, 4069-4078 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01871

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Ionoregulatory changes in different populations of maturing sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka during ocean and river migration

J. M. Shrimpton^1,*, D. A. Patterson², J. G. Richards³, S. J. Cooke⁴, P. M. Schulte³, S. G. Hinch⁴ and A. P. Farrell^3,5

¹ Ecosystem Science and Management Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, V2N 4Z9, Canada
² Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Pacific Region, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
³ Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
⁴ Centre for Applied Conservation Research, Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
⁵ Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada

View larger version (37K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Map of Fraser River watershed and coastal British Columbia showing locations where fish were intercepted during migration. Samples were collected off the Queen Charlotte Islands (QCI), Port Renfrew (PR), Johnstone Strait (JS), and Georgia Strait (GS) in seawater. Sample locations within the Fraser River were Cottonwood (C), Whonnock (W), Hells Gate (HG), near Churn Creek (Cc), and on the Thompson River (T) near Ashcroft. Spawning sockeye from Harrison stock (H) were sampled from Weaver Creek; Late Shuswap stock (Sh) from the Adams River; Chilko stock (Ch) from the Chilko River; and Quesnel stock (Q) from the Horsefly River.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. (A) Gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity (µmol ADP mg-1 protein h-1), (B) plasma osmolality (mOsm), and (C) plasma [chloride] (mmol l-1) levels for Harrison sockeye salmon captured in seawater and freshwater during migration to the spawning grounds (distance, km). The mouth of the Fraser River is defined as 0 km. Sampling locations as identified in Fig. 1. Spawners were sampled in Weaver Creek, a major spawning tributary in this system. The last two samples were collected on the spawning grounds (117 km; H, holding, S, spawners), but sexually mature fish are offset to prevent overlap of the data points. Sample size ranged from 54 (JS, 2003) to 3 (holding, 2003; W, 2002). Values are means ± S.E.M. Symbols with a common letter do not differ significantly.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. (A) Gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity (µmol ADP mg-1 protein h-1), (B) plasma osmolality (mOsm), and (C) plasma [chloride] (mmol l-1) levels for Shuswap sockeye salmon captured in seawater and freshwater during migration to the spawning grounds (distance, km). The mouth of the Fraser River is defined as 0 km. Sampling locations as identified in Fig. 1. Spawners were sampled in Adams River, a major spawning tributary in this system. The last two samples were collected on the spawning grounds (480 km; H, holding, S, spawners), but sexually mature fish are offset to prevent overlap of the data points. Sample size ranged from 74 (GS, 2002) to 6 (QCI, 2003). Values are means ± S.E.M. Symbols with a common letter do not differ significantly.

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. (A) Gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity (µmol ADP mg-1 protein h-1), (B) plasma osmolality (mOsm), and (C) plasma [chloride] (mmol l-1) levels for Chilko River sockeye salmon captured in seawater and freshwater during migration to the spawning grounds (distance, km). Sampling locations as identified in Fig. 1. The mouth of the Fraser River is defined as 0 km. Spawners were sampled in Horsefly River, a major spawning tributary in this system. The last two samples were collected on the spawning grounds (562 km; H, holding, S, spawners), but sexually mature fish are offset to prevent overlap of the data points. Sample size ranged from 30 (W, 2003) to 2 (HG, 2002). Values are means ± S.E.M. Symbols with a common letter do not differ significantly.

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. (A) Gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity (µmol ADP mg-1 protein h-1), (B) plasma osmolality (mOsm), and (C) plasma [chloride] (mmol l-1) levels for Quesnel River sockeye salmon captured in seawater and freshwater during migration to the spawning grounds (distance, km). Sampling locations as identified in Fig. 1. The mouth of the Fraser River is defined as 0 km. Spawners were sampled in Horsefly River, a major spawning tributary in this system. The last two samples were collected on the spawning grounds (749 km; 749; H, holding, S, spawners), but sexually mature fish are offset to prevent overlap of the data points. Sample size ranged from 53 (W, 2002) to 2 (QCI, 2003). Values are means ± S.E.M. Symbols with a common letter do not differ significantly.

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. (A) Gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity (µmol ADP mg-1 protein h-1) for fish arriving on the spawning grounds in the Harrison (H), Shuswap (Sh), Chilko (C), Quesnel (Q) Watersheds in 2002 and 2003. *Significant difference between years for the same stock. Samples with a common letter do not differ significantly. Sample size ranged from 15 to 30, except for Harrison, 2003 where sample size was 3. (B) The absolute change in gill Gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity between fish captured at Whonnock and fish arriving on the spawning grounds for the different stocks examined plotted as a function of migration time within freshwater. Migration rates are based on estimates from English et al. (2004) and differences in dates between sampling at the two locations.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. (A) Gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity (µmol ADP mg-1 protein h-1), (B) Na+,K+-ATPase 1a expression (relative to EF-1) and (C) Na+,K+-ATPase 1b expression (relative to EF-1) for fish captured in seawater and freshwater during migration to the spawning grounds in 2002. Sample locations as indicated in Fig. 1. Fish holding on the spawning grounds (H) and spawners (S) were sampled on the spawning grounds of the Horsefly River (Quesnel Watershed). Sample size ranged from 9 to 13. Values are means ± S.E.M.