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First published online January 5, 2005
Journal of Experimental Biology 208, 317-325 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01397

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Energetics of a long-distance migrant shorebird (Philomachus pugnax) during cold exposure and running

Eric Vaillancourt¹, Sophie Prud'Homme¹, François Haman¹, Christopher G. Guglielmo² and Jean-Michel Weber^1,*

¹ Biology Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
² Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Changes in (A) ambient temperature, (B) rate of oxygen consumption (O2) and (C) respiratory exchange ratio (RER) of adult ruff sandpipers. Treatment temperatures are indicated as follows: 22°C control (red triangles), 15°C (open blue diamonds), 10°C (blue circles) and 5°C (open inverted triangles). RER values were pooled (open circles) because they were not significantly different between treatments. Values are means ± S.E.M. (N=6).

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Changes in rates of carbohydrate (CHO; open symbols) and lipid oxidation (filled symbols) over time for ruff sandpipers exposed to 22°C (control) (red triangles), 15°C (blue diamonds), 10°C (blue circles) and 5°C (black inverted triangles). Values are means + S.E.M. (N=6). Significant differences from baseline for individual values (CHO) or boxed groups (lipids) are shown; *P<0.05, P<0.001.

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. (A) Rate of oxygen consumption (O2) and (B) respiratory exchange ratio (RER) of ruff sandpipers at rest and during running at various speeds. The lines indicated were fitted by linear regression on the exercise values only (A: y=0.64x+54.07; B: y=0.01x+0.824). Values are means ± S.E.M.; sample sizes are indicated in parentheses. Significant differences from values at rest are shown; *P<0.05, P<0.001.

View larger version (12K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Rates of carbohydrate (open circles) and lipid oxidation (filled circles) of ruff sandpipers at rest and during running at various speeds. The lines indicated were fitted by linear regression on the exercise values only (y=0.64x+29.53). Values are means ± S.E.M. (sample sizes as in Fig. 3).

View larger version (8K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Rate of energy expenditure of ruff sandpipers at rest (speed 0) and during running at various speeds. Line indicated was fitted by linear regression for exercise values only (y=0.02x+2.19). The cost of transport of running ruffs (=slope of line) is 1.29 J m–1. Values are means ± S.E.M. (sample sizes as in Fig. 3). *Significant difference from control value at speed 0 (P<0.005).

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Relative contributions of carbohydrates (CHO) (black bars), lipids (white bars) and proteins (grey bars) to total energy expenditure of ruff sandpipers during (A) cold exposure and (B) running. Values significantly different from controls (22°C for cold exposure and speed 0 for exercise) are indicated; *P<0.05, P<0.001. Values are means + S.E.M. (N=6 for cold exposure and as in Fig. 3 for exercise).