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First published online September 16, 2005
Journal of Experimental Biology 208, 3747-3759 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01828

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Venous tone and cardiac function in the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus: mean circulatory filling pressure during adrenergic stimulation in anaesthetised and fully recovered animals

Marianne Skals^1,2,*, Nini Skovgaard^1,2, Augusto S. Abe² and Tobias Wang^1,2

¹ Department of Zoophysiology, Institute of Biological Science, Aarhus University, Denmark
² Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Aquicultura, UNESP, Rio Claro, Sâo Paulo, Brazil

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Haemodynamic parameters in an anaesthetised South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus (525 g), before and after injection of adrenaline (10 µg kg-1), phenylephrine (10 µg kg-1) and isoproterenol (10 µg kg-1). Arrows indicate injection of the various drugs. Grey bars indicate occlusion of blood flow from the heart to measure mean circulatory filling pressure (MCFP). Psys, systemic blood pressure; PCV, central venous pressure; pul, pulmonary cardiac output; LAo, left aortic cardiac output; fH, heart rate. (1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa.)

View larger version (39K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Effects of bolus injections (2 and 10 µg kg-1) of adrenaline, phenylephrine and isoproterenol on haemodynamic variables in anaesthetised South American rattlesnakes Crotalus durissus: (A) Psys, mean systemic blood pressure; (B) PCV, central venous blood pressure; (C) fH, heart rate; (D) MCFP, mean circulatory filling pressure; (E) pul, pulmonary cardiac output; (F) sys, systemic cardiac output. Black bars represent control values. Grey bars represent values after injection of the various adrenergic agonists. Values are means ± S.E.M. (N=6). Asterisks indicate a significant difference relative to control values. (1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa.)

View larger version (39K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Effects of bolus injections (2 and 10 µg kg-1) of adrenaline, phenylephrine and isoproterenol on haemodynamic variables in anaesthetised South American rattlesnakes Crotalus durissus: (A) tot, total cardiac output; (B) pul/sys, ratio of pulmonary cardiac output to systemic cardiac output; (C) VSsys, systemic stroke volume; (D) VStot, total stroke volume; (E) Rsys, systemic resistance; (F) Rven, venous resistance. Black bars represent control values. Grey bars represent values after injection of the various adrenergic agonists. Values are means ± S.E.M. (N=6). Asterisks indicate a significant difference relative to control values. (1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa.)

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Capacitance curves. Mean circulatory filling pressure (MCFP) as a function of a change in blood volume (ml kg-1) in anaesthetised South American rattlesnakes Crotalus durissus. 0 ml kg-1 represents normal blood volume and the control value. Values in parentheses represent blood volume, assuming this species to have a blood volume of 54 ml kg-1. Black symbols represent the untreated snakes and grey symbols represent the -blocked snakes. Triangles indicate control values at normal blood volume. A weighted linear regression curve has been fitted to each group of snakes, where the black curve (y=0.306x+10.17) and the grey curve (y=0.256x+9.14) represent the untreated and the -blocked animals, respectively. Arrows indicate unstressed blood volumes. Values are means ± S.E.M.(N=6). Asterisks indicate a significant difference relative to control values. (1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa.)

View larger version (33K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Haemodynamic effects of blood volume alterations in South American rattlesnakes Crotalus durissus, as a function of mean circulatory filling pressure (MCFP) measured at each blood volume change. (A) Psys, mean systemic blood pressure; (B) PCV, central venous pressure; (C) fH, heart rate; (D) pul, pulmonary cardiac output; (E) sys, systemic cardiac output; (F) tot, total cardiac output. Black symbols represent the untreated group and grey symbols represent the -blocked group. Triangles indicate control values at normal blood volume. Values are means ± S.E.M. (N=6 for each group). * indicates a significant difference relative to control values. indicates a significant difference between the two groups of snakes. (1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa.)

View larger version (36K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Haemodynamic effects of blood volume alterations in South American rattlesnakes Crotalus durissus, as a function of mean circulatory filling pressure (MCFP) measured at each blood volume change. (A) VSpul, pulmonary stroke volume; (B) VSsys, systemic stroke volume; (C) VStot, total stroke volume; (D) pul/sys, ratio of pulmonary cardiac output to systemic cardiac output; (E) Rsys, systemic resistance; (F) Rven, venous resistance. Black symbols represent the untreated group and grey symbols represent the -blocked group. Triangles indicate control values at normal blood volume. Values are means ± S.E.M. (N=6 for each group). * indicates a significant difference relative to control value. indicates a significant difference between the two groups of snakes. (1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa.)

View larger version (9K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Haemodynamic parameters in a recovered South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus (550 g), before and after injection of adrenaline (10 µg kg-1), phenylephrine (10 µg kg-1) and isoproterenol (10 µg kg-1). Arrows indicate injection of the various drugs. Grey bars indicate occlusion of blood flow from the heart to measure MCFP. Psys, mean systemic blood pressure; PCV, central venous pressure. (1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa.)

View larger version (31K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Effects of bolus injections of adrenaline, phenylephrine and isoproterenol (2 and 10 µg kg-1) on haemodynamic variables in the recovered South American rattlesnakes Crotalus durissus. A–D represent the group with a vascular occluder, and E–G represent the group without a vascular occluder. Psys, mean systemic blood pressure; PCV, central venous blood pressure; fH, heart rate; MCFP, mean circulatory filling pressure. Black bars represent control values. Grey bars represent values after injection of the various adrenergic agonists. Values are means ± S.E.M. (N=4) for each group. * indicates a significant difference relative to control values. (1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa.)

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