QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s):
Home     Help     Feedback     Subscriptions     Archive     Search     Table of Contents

First published online September 9, 2005
Journal of Experimental Biology 208, 3581-3591 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01776

This Article Summary Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Related articles in JEB Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Darveau, C.-A. Articles by Suarez, R. K. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Darveau, C.-A. Articles by Suarez, R. K.

Allometric scaling of flight energetics in Panamanian orchid bees: a comparative phylogenetic approach

Charles-A. Darveau¹, Peter W. Hochachka^1,,*, Kenneth C. Welch, Jr², David W. Roubik³ and Raul K. Suarez²

¹ Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
² Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9610, USA
³ Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Phylogenetic tree hypothesized for 36 orchid bee (Apidae: Euglossini) species, based on cyt b partial sequences and inferred using the maximum likelihood method. Node bootstrap support values greater than 50% are shown. Species groupings, based on Cameron (2004), are presented in different colors. Eg., Euglossa; Ef., Eufriesea; Ex., Exaerete; El., Eulaema.

View larger version (31K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Phylogenetic relationships among 15 of 18 species of orchid bees used for hovering flight measurements. The character values are presented for body mass Mb, wingbeat frequency n, mass-specific metabolic rate *CO2. Sample size, N, is identified for each species in parentheses.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Relationships between body mass Mb and wing morphological characters. (A) Forewing length R, (B) total wing area S and (C) calculated wing loading Pw. Solid circles represent the genus Euglossa; open circles, Exaerete; filled squares, Eulaema; open squares, Eufriesea.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Relationship between body mass and hovering flight wingbeat frequency. Symbols as in Fig. 3.

View larger version (32K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. (A,C,E) Relationship between body mass, wingbeat frequency and mass-specific metabolic rate independent contrasts obtained from cyt b phylogeny (Fig. 1), and using gradual (filled circles, solid lines) and speciational (open circles, broken lines) models of character evolution. (B,D,F) These relationships (solid and broken lines) are superimposed on the distribution of correlation coefficients resulting from analyses performed with 10 000 different trees (see Materials and methods).

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Relationships between body mass and hovering flight whole-animal (A) and mass-specific (B) metabolic rate. Symbols as in Fig. 3.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Correlations between wing loading and wingbeat frequency residuals obtained from (A) the body mass regression (r2=0.86, F1,16=8.74, P=0.0088) and (B) from independent contrasts for gradual (filled circles, r2=0.86, F1,9=62.88, P< 0.0001) and speciational (open circles, r2=0.90, F1,9=90.94, P<0.0001) models of character evolution. Symbols in A as in Fig. 3.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Correlations between hovering flight wingbeat frequency and mass-specific metabolic rate residuals obtained from (A) the body mass regression (r2=0.46, F1,16=14.25, P=0.0015) and (B) from independent contrasts for gradual (filled circles, r2=0.47, F1,9=8.73, P=0.0144) and speciational (open circles, r2=0.70, F1,9=23.73, P=0.0007) models of character evolution. Symbols in A as in Fig. 3.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Correlations between wing loading and mass-specific metabolic rate residuals obtained from (A) the body mass regression (r2=0.34, F1,16=8.23, P=0.0110) and (B) from independent contrasts for gradual (filled circles, r2=0.50, F1,9=9.89, P=0.0104) and speciational (open circles, r2=0.66, F1,9=19.11, P=0.0014) models of character evolution. Symbols in A as in Fig. 3.

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 10. Relationships between body mass and wing area (A), wing loading (B) and wingbeat frequency (C) in insects ranging from fruit flies to moths (open circles; Byrne et al., 1988) and orchid bees (filled circles; this study). (D) The correlation between wing loading and wingbeat frequency residuals obtained from the body mass regression in B and C.