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First published online September 9, 2005
Journal of Experimental Biology 208, 3503-3518 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01779

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Coordination of feeding, locomotor and visual systems in parrotfishes (Teleostei: Labridae)

Aaron N. Rice^1,2,* and Mark W. Westneat^1,2

¹ Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
² Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605, USA

View larger version (61K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. (A,C) Morphological landmarks used. (1) Tip of premaxilla, (2) tip of dentary, (3) quadrate-articular joint, (4) anterior base of dorsal fin, (5) anterior base of pelvic fin, (6-9) orbit, (10-13) pupil, (14) leading edge base of pectoral fin, (15) trailing edge base of pectoral fin, (16) leading tip of pectoral fin, (17) middle edge of pectoral fin, (18) trailing tip of pectoral fin, (19) food item. (B,D) Kinematic variables calculated from morphological landmarks: distance to prey (a), body angle of approach (b), gape (c) and gape angle (d), jaw protrusion (e), cranial elevation (f), fin abduction (g), fin protraction (h). Solid lines indicate distances, broken lines indicate angles. (C) Morphological landmarks plotted to estimate the center of the orbit and pupil; (D) pupil vector (distance and angle) measured using the estimated centers.

View larger version (72K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Representative feeding sequences of (A) Sparisoma radians and (B) Scarus quoyi. Timings of events (in ms) are indicated.

View larger version (41K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Kinematic plots of body movement during the feeding strike in Sparisoma radians and Scarus quoyi. (A) Distance to prey target (cm), (B) velocity (BL s-1), (C) acceleration (cm s-2) and (D) body angle of approach (degrees) vs time for Sparisoma radians (blue squares) and Scarus quoyi (green circles). Contact with food item occurs at t0, indicated by broken vertical lines.

View larger version (42K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Kinematic plots of jaw and head movements during the feeding strike in Sparisoma radians and Scarus quoyi. (A) Gape (cm), (B) gape angle (degrees), (C) jaw protrusion (cm), and (D) cranial elevation (degrees) vs time for Sparisoma radians (blue squares) and Scarus quoyi (green circles). Contact with food item occurs at t0, indicated by broken vertical lines.

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Angle of pectoral fin movement during the braking maneuver for protraction (degrees) vs time (s) for S. radians (blue squares) and S. quoyi (green circles). (A) Plots of pectoral fin protraction in two representative individuals of Sparisoma and Scarus. (B) Pectoral fin protraction angle (mean ± S.E.M.) for Sparisoma and Scarus during braking. (C) Difference in stroke plane angle (degrees) between cruising and braking maneuvers for Sparisoma radians and Scarus quoyi. Contact with food item occurs at t0, indicated by broken vertical lines.

View larger version (48K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Kinematic plots of eye movements during feeding strike in Sparisoma radians and Scarus quoyi. (A) Pupil distance from the center of the eye (cm) vs time, (B) pupil angle (degrees) vs time, and (C) pupil distance from the center of the eye (cm) vs distance from prey item (cm) for Sparisoma radians (blue squares) and Scarus quoyi (green circles). Pupil distances were smoothed with a three-point running average. Broken lines indicate contact with prey item.

View larger version (34K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Degree of stereotypy of the different components of the feeding strike for Sparisoma radians (blue) and Scarus quoyi (green) as a function of the coefficient of variation (CV) for (A) body movement and position, (B) jaw movement, (C) fin movement, and (D) eye movement, represented by mean CV ± S.E.M. for each species. A larger CV represents higher variability.

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Selected Sparisoma radians coordination variables, showing the kinematic relationships between different functional systems: (A) velocity (BL s-1), (B) gape (cm), (C) eye movement (cm), (D) fin protraction (degrees) vs time to prey contact (s). Broken line indicates contact with prey item.

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Selected Scarus quoyi coordination variables, showing the kinematic relationships between different functional systems: (A) velocity (BL s-1), (B) gape (cm), (C) eye movement (cm), (D) fin protraction (degrees) vs time to prey contact (s). Contact with food item occurs at t0, indicated by broken vertical line.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 10. Schematic representation of kinematic variables representing jaw, fin and eye movements during feeding behavior in Sparisoma radians and Scarus quoyi. Time period of activity for the variables is indicated by a horizontal colored bar. The maximum for each parameter is indicated by a solid black bar. Contact with food item occurs at t0, indicated by broken vertical line.

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