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First published online August 4, 2005
Journal of Experimental Biology 208, 3169-3176 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01743

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Patterns of variation in glycogen, free glucose and lactate in organs of supercooled hatchling painted turtles (Chrysemys picta)

Mary J. Packard^* and Gary C. Packard

Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1878, USA

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Means (±2 S.E.M.) for (A) glycogen (expressed as glucosyl units), (B) free glucose and (C) lactate in hearts of hatchling painted turtles. Values were adjusted by ANCOVA to the mean mass of 32 mg for the 61 hearts analyzed in this study. ANCOVA for cardiac glycogen, F5,54=3.74, P=0.006; for free glucose, F5,54=14.78, P<0.001; for lactate, F5,54=25.96, P<0.001. Treatment 0 represents controls that were not exposed to subzero temperatures; treatment 1 represents animals exposed to –6°C for 10 days; treatment 2 represents animals exposed to –6°C for 20 days; treatment 3 represents animals exposed first to –6°C for 10 days and then to –3°C for another 10 days; treatment 4 represents animals exposed first to –6°C for 10 days and then to 0°C for another 10 days; treatment 5 represents animals exposed first to –6°C for 10 days and then to +3°C for another 10 days. Bars that share the same letter cannot be distinguished statistically at P=0.05.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Means (±2 S.E.M.) for (A) glycogen (expressed as glucosyl units), (B) free glucose and (C) lactate in brains of hatchling painted turtles. Values were adjusted by ANCOVA to the mean mass of 37 mg for the 61 brains examined in this study. ANCOVA for brain glycogen, F5,54=71.23, P<0.001; for free glucose, F5,54=25.53, P<0.001; for lactate, F5,54=31.97, P<0.001. Treatment 0 represents controls that were not exposed to subzero temperatures; treatment 1 represents animals exposed to –6°C for 10 days; treatment 2 represents animals exposed to –6°C for 20 days; treatment 3 represents animals exposed first to –6°C for 10 days and then to –3°C for another 10 days; treatment 4 represents animals exposed first to –6°C for 10 days and then to 0°C for another 10 days; treatment 5 represents animals exposed first to –6°C for 10 days and then to +3°C for another 10 days. Bars that share the same letter cannot be distinguished statistically at P=0.05.

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Means (±2 S.E.M.) for (A,B) glycogen (expressed as glucosyl units), (C) free glucose and (D) lactate in livers of hatchling painted turtles. In A, C and D, values were adjusted by ANCOVA to the mean mass of 246 mg for the 61 livers examined in this study. Unadjusted means for hepatic glycogen are also presented (B) because these values reflect on the size of the carbohydrate reserve that was available to individual hatchlings. ANCOVA for liver glycogen, F5,54=20.01, P<0.001; for free glucose, F5,54=24.64, P<0.001; for lactate, F5,54=41.59, P<0.001. ANOVA for unadjusted glycogen, F5,55=8.89, P<0.001. Treatment 0 represents controls that were not exposed to subzero temperatures; treatment 1 represents animals exposed to –6°C for 10 days; treatment 2 represents animals exposed to –6°C for 20 days; treatment 3 represents animals exposed first to –6°C for 10 days and then to –3°C for another 10 days; treatment 4 represents animals exposed first to –6°C for 10 days and then to 0°C for another 10 days; treatment 5 represents animals exposed first to –6°C for 10 days and then to +3°C for another 10 days. Bars that share the same letter cannot be distinguished statistically at P=0.05.