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First published online July 25, 2005
Journal of Experimental Biology 208, 2973-2980 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01687

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Air sac P_O2 and oxygen depletion during dives of emperor penguins

T. Knower Stockard¹, J. Heil², J. U. Meir¹, K. Sato³, K. V. Ponganis¹ and P. J. Ponganis^1,*

¹ Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA
² Anesthesiology Department, US Naval Medical Center, Balboa Hospital, San Diego, CA 92134, USA
³ International Coastal Research Center, The Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 2-106-1 Akahama, Ostuchi Iwate 028-1102, Japan

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Response of a PO2 electrode to changes in O2 concentration. Arrows indicate the time at which the electrode was shifted from one O2 concentration to another (0, 3, 21, 100% O2).

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Drift of a PO2 electrode's output at four different O2 concentrations over a 48 h calibration.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. The output of a PO2 electrode exposed to air in response to step changes in pressure in a recompression chamber. Electrode output, recorded at 15-s intervals, returned to baseline with decompression back to ambient, surface pressure. Equivalent depths (m) are indicated for each step change in pressure.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Distribution of (A) maximum depth and (B) duration of 73 dives of four penguins at the isolated dive hole. The previously measured aerobic dive limit (ADL, 5.6 min) of birds at the isolated dive hole is indicated in B.

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Air sac PO2 and depth profiles of emperor penguin 5.

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. The final PO2 recorded during dives (within the last 15 s of the dive) decreased with increasing dive duration in the four penguins.

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. (A) Air sac end-of-dive PO2 (final PO2 corrected to 0-m depth) and (B) end-of-dive O2 fraction (% O2) decreased with increasing dive duration. Regression equations: PO2: y=(105.3xe–x/2.50)+7.7, r2=0.39, P<0.0001; O2 fraction: y=(15.3xe–x/2.52)+1.7, r2=0.40, P<0.0001.

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. The percentage of total available air sac O2 depleted during a dive increased with dive duration. Percentage of O2 depleted = [(start-of-dive O2 fraction – end-of-dive O2 fraction)/start-of-dive O2 fraction]x100.

View larger version (38K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Air sac temperature and depth profiles during four dives of emperor penguin 5.

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 10. The estimated air sac O2 depletion rate based on the previously measured diving respiratory volume of 69 ml kg–1 and the change in air sac O2 fraction during dives. Regression equation: y=(5.95xe–x/2.91)+1.15, r2=0.76, P<0.0001.

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