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First published online July 25, 2005
Journal of Experimental Biology 208, 2895-2901 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01734

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Contractile activity of the pectoralis in the zebra finch according to mode and velocity of flap-bounding flight

Bret W. Tobalske^*, Lisa A. Puccinelli and David C. Sheridan

Department of Biology, University of Portland, 5000 N. Willamette Boulevard, Portland, OR 97203, USA

View larger version (38K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Kinematics and muscle activity during zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) flight at an equivalent airspeed of 12 m s–1 in the wind tunnel. Two bounds and 13 wingbeats are included in this 0.75 s interval of flight. Altitude is for the estimated center of mass relative to average altitude during the flight interval.

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Strain rate (L s–1) and relative electromyographic (EMG) amplitude in the pectoralis muscle of zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). (A) Strain rate in different modes of flight. (B) Strain rate across a range of velocity in the wind tunnel. (C) Relative EMG amplitude in different modes of flight. (D) Relative EMG amplitude at different equivalent airspeeds in the wind tunnel.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Muscle strain (L/Lrest) in the pectoralis muscle of zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). (A) Strain in different modes of flight. (B) Strain rate (L s–1) across a range of velocity in the wind tunnel.

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Wingbeat frequency (Hz) and percent time flapping (%) in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). (A) Wingbeat frequency in different modes of flight. (B) Wingbeat frequency across a range of velocity in the wind tunnel. (C) Percent time flapping in different modes of flight. (D) Percent time flapping across a range of velocity in the wind tunnel.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Relative timing of pectoralis activity and muscle shortening during wingbeats in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). One wingbeat included a single shortening and lengthening phase in the pectoralis as measured using sonomicrometry. (A) Timing according to flight mode. (B) Timing according to flight velocity.