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First published online July 25, 2005
Journal of Experimental Biology 208, 2885-2894 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01689

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A concept of dietary dipeptides: a step to resolve the problem of amino acid availability in the early life of vertebrates

Konrad Dabrowski^1,*, Bendik F. Terjesen^1,2,3, Yongfang Zhang^1,4, James M. Phang⁵ and Kyeong-Jun Lee^1,6

¹ School of Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
² Institute of Aquaculture Research, Protein and Amino Acid Section, Sunndalsøra, N-6600, Norway
³ Aquaculture Protein Centre – CoE, Protein and Amino Acid Section, Sunndalsøra, N-6600, Norway
⁴ The Ohio State University Interdisciplinary Program in Nutrition, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
⁵ Metabolism and Cancer Susceptibility Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
⁶ Faculty of Applied Marine Science, Cheju National University, Jeju 690-756, South Korea

View larger version (41K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Muscle free amino acid (FAA) concentrations in rainbow trout alevins subjected to Experiment 1 treatments. (A) Examples of dispensable amino acids (DAA) in relation to dietary levels. (B) Examples of indispensable amino acids (IDAA) suggesting limitations in dietary peptide availability. (C) Amino acids involved in the proline–ornithine–arginine pathway. Data given as means ± S.D., two samples of 2 fish each were assayed per tank, three tanks per treatment (N=3 per group), except Free AA (N=2). The top graph (specific growth rate) is modified from Dabrowski et al. (2003). The lower parts of each figure (bars) show muscle concentrations of individual FAA (y1 axis title to the left). The upper parts of each figure (broken lines) indicate the level of each amino acid in the diets (g 100 g–1; y2 axis title to the right). Significant differences between treatments (P<0.05) are indicated by differing letters. Figures with no letters next to the bars indicate non-significant one-way ANOVAs.

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Muscle free amino acid concentrations in rainbow trout juveniles subjected to Experiment 2 treatments. Data given as means ± S.D., two samples of 2 fish each were assayed per tank, three tanks per treatment, N=3 for all groups. Significant differences between treatments (P<0.05) are indicated by differing letters. See Fig. 1 for further details.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR) activity in rainbow trout alevins and juveniles. (A) Liver and intestinal P5CR activity in rainbow trout alevins at 2 weeks and 6 weeks post first-feeding (Experiment 3). (B) P5CR activity in whole body of juvenile rainbow trout fed amino acids in different molecular forms (Experiment 2). Data given as means ± S.D., N=3 per group. Data with superscripts indicate significant ANOVA; means not sharing a similar letter are significantly different (P<0.05).