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First published online July 25, 2005
Journal of Experimental Biology 208, 2873-2883 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01713

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Intraspecific variation of venom injected by fish-hunting Conus snails

Jennifer A. Jakubowski¹, Wayne P. Kelley^1,*, Jonathan V. Sweedler^1,, William F. Gilly^2, and Joseph R. Schulz^2,,

¹ Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
² Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Department of Biological Sciences, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Comparison of IV profiles by HPLC. (A–C) UV chromatograms of the three types of C. striatus IV patterns observed, demonstrating the reproducibility of the profile within individuals for samples taken at different times in captivity. For the profiles shown, sampling intervals were 6 (A), 3 (B) and 4 months (C). Peptides are labeled by protonated monoisotopic mass or, where appropriate, known C. striatus toxins as determined by off-line MALDI-MS.

View larger version (29K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Comparison of DV and IV using HPLC-ESI-MS. The base peak ion chromatograms show the peptide profiles for the IV of two snails (A,C), and the corresponding DV from the same individuals (B,D, respectively). Abundant peptides are labeled by protonated monoisotopic mass (except 9433 Da, an average mass) or, where appropriate, by known or putative C. striatus toxins. Masses or peptides common to both DV samples are underlined.

View larger version (39K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Comparing water-soluble DV and IV using HPLC-ESI-MS. The base peak ion chromatograms show the peptide profiles for the IV of three snails (A,C,E), and the corresponding DV from the same individuals (B,D,F, respectively). Abundant peptides are labeled by protonated monoisotopic mass or, where appropriate, by known or putative C. striatus toxins. brcn, bromocontryphan; cn, contryphan; * indicates [des-Gly1] (bromo)contryphan form.