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First published online June 16, 2005
Journal of Experimental Biology 208, 2581-2593 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01679

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Do seasonal changes in metabolic rate facilitate changes in diving behaviour?

J. A. Green^1,*, I. L. Boyd², A. J. Woakes¹, C. J. Green³ and P. J. Butler¹

¹ School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
² Sea Mammal Research Unit, Gatty Marine Laboratory, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, UK
³ British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK

View larger version (36K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. (A) Mean daily maximum dive duration (± S.E.M.) and (B) mean daily dive duration (± S.E.M.) recorded from female (filled symbols) and male (open symbols) macaroni penguins during the summer/pre-moult and winter/migration phases of their annual cycle. The solid black bars represent the three sampling periods used in the analysis of changes in dive duration and other variables.

View larger version (53K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. (A) Mean daily maximum dive depth (± S.E.M.) and (B) mean daily dive depth (± S.E.M.) recorded from female (filled symbols) and male (open symbols) macaroni penguins during the summer/pre-moult and winter/migration phases of their annual cycle.

View larger version (56K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. (A) Mean daily abdominal temperature (± S.E.M.), (B) mean daily minimum abdominal temperature (± S.E.M.) and (C) mean daily maximum abdominal temperature (± S.E.M.) recorded from female (filled symbols) and male (open symbols) macaroni penguins during the summer/pre-moult and winter/migration phases of their annual cycle.

View larger version (29K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. (A) Mean daily minimum rate of oxygen consumption (± S.E.E.) and (B) mean daily minimum rate of oxygen consumption adjusted for maximum daily body temperature (± S.E.E.) recorded from female (filled symbols) and male (open symbols) macaroni penguins during the summer/pre-moult and winter/migration phases of their annual cycle.

View larger version (40K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Mean rate of oxygen consumption of the dive cycle (± S.E.E.) for dives of (A) 41–50 s, (B) 91–100 s and (C) 141–150 s duration in female (filled symbols) and male (open symbols) macaroni penguins during the summer/crèche and winter/migration phases of their annual cycle.

View larger version (49K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Mean net cost of diving (± S.E.E.) for dives of (A) 41–50 s, (B) 91–100 s and (C) 141–150 s duration in female (filled symbols) and male (open symbols) macaroni penguins during the summer/crèche and winter/migration phases of their annual cycle.

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. (A) Calculated aerobic dive limit and (B) percentage of dives within the calculated aerobic dive for female (filled bars) and male (open bars) macaroni penguins during three phases of their annual cycle. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. A simple model indicating to what extent a change in water temperature, or T [ambient temperature (Ta) – body temperature (Tb)], could account for the observed decrease in minimum mass-specific rate of oxygen consumption (sO2min) from summer to winter in female macaroni penguins. Calculations were made at different levels of a change in insulation from 0 to +40%.