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First published online May 24, 2005
Journal of Experimental Biology 208, 2115-2121 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01594

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Spider venom: enhancement of venom efficacy mediated by different synergistic strategies in Cupiennius salei

Benno Wullschleger, Wolfgang Nentwig and Lucia Kuhn-Nentwig^*

Zoological Institute, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Synergistic effects between low molecular mass components and CSTX-1, CSTX-9, CSTX-13 or cupiennin 1a as measured in a Drosophila bioassay. (A) The mortality caused by CSTX-1 alone (filled bar) (5.99 µmol l-1) was compared with the mortality due to co-injection (open bars) with taurine (0.07 mmol l-1; n.s.), histamine (5.7 mmol l-1; *P<0.01), or KCl (215 mmol l-1; *P<0.01). (B) The mortality caused by CSTX-9 alone (143.14 µmol l-1) was compared with the mortality due to co-injection with taurine (0.07 mmol l-1; n.s.), histamine (5.7 mmol l-1; n.s.), or KCl (215 mmol l-1; *P<0.01). (C) The mortality caused by CSTX-13 alone (239.4 µmol l-1) was compared with the mortality due to co-injection with taurine (0.07 mmol l-1; n.s.), histamine (5.7 mmol l-1; n.s.), or KCl (215 mmol l-1; *P<0.01) (data from Wullschleger et al., 2004). (D) The mortality caused by cupiennin 1a alone (90 µmol l-1) was compared with the mortality due to co-injection with taurine (0.07 mmol l-1; n.s.), histamine (5.7 mmol l-1; n.s.) or KCl (215 mmol l-1; n.s.). Taurine, histamine or KCl injected in physiological venom concentrations showed no toxic effect when administered alone as controls (not shown). All data with mean ±S.E.M. (N=30 groups); Fisher LSD test.

View larger version (11K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Synergistic effects between cupiennin 1a and CSTX-1, CSTX-9 or CSTX-13 as measured in a Drosophila bioassay. (Left) The mortality caused by CSTX-1 alone (filled bar; 5.99 µmol l-1) was compared with the mortality due to co-injection with cupiennin 1a (open bar; 0.96 µmol l-1; P<0.001). (Middle) The mortality caused by CSTX-9 alone (filled bar; 143.14 µmol l-1) was compared with the mortality due to co-injection with cupiennin 1a (open bar; 0.96 µmol l-1; P<0.001). (Right) the mortality of CSTX-13 alone (filled bar; 239.4 µmol l-1) was compared with the mortality due to co-injection with cupiennin 1a (open bar; 0.96 µmol l-1; P<0.001) (data from Wullschleger et al., 2004). Cupiennin 1a showed no toxic effect when administered alone as control (not shown). All data with mean ±S.E.M. (N=24 groups); Fisher LSD test.

View larger version (12K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Interactions between CSTX-9 and CSTX-1, or cupiennin 1a as measured in a Drosophila bioassay. (A) The mortality caused by CSTX-1 alone (filled bar; 5.99 µmol l-1) was compared with the mortality due to co-injection with CSTX-9 (open bar; 1.05 µmol l-1; n.s.) corresponding to their physiological venom ratio. The mortality caused by cupiennin 1a alone (filled bar; 90 µmol l-1) was compared with the mortality due to co-injection with CSTX-9 (filled bar; 50 µmol l-1; n.s.). CSTX-9 showed no toxic effect when administered alone (control, not shown). (B) The mortality caused by CSTX-1 alone (open bar; 8.99 µmol l-1) or CSTX-9 alone (hatched bar; 143.14 µmol l-1), or their theoretical sum respectively, was compared with the mortality due to the co-injection of CSTX-1 (8.99 µmol l-1) and CSTX-9 (effective sum; 143.14 µmol l-1; P<0.001). All data with mean ±S.E.M. (N=24 groups); Fisher LSD test.

View larger version (12K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Synergistic effects between CSTX-13 and CSTX-9, cupiennin 1a or CSTX-1, corresponding to their molar concentrations in the venom, as measured in a Drosophila bioassay. (Left) The mortality caused by CSTX-9 alone (filled bar; 143.14 µmol l-1) was compared with the mortality due to co-injection with CSTX-13 (open bar; 95.14 µmol l-1, P<0.001) in a molar ratio of 1.6:1. (Middle) The mortality caused by cupiennin 1a (filled bar; 90 µmol l-1) was compared with the mortality due to co-injection with CSTX-13 (open bar; 22.5 µmol l-1, n.s.) in a molar ratio of 4:1. (Right) The mortality caused by CSTX-1 (filled bar; 5.99 µmol l-1) was compared with the mortality due to co-injection with CSTX-13 (open bar; 0.67 µmol l-1, P<0.001) in a molar ratio of 9:1. CSTX-13 showed no toxic effect when administered alone as control (not shown). All data with mean ±S.E.M. (N=24 groups); Fisher LSD test.