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First published online May 5, 2005
Journal of Experimental Biology 208, 1993-2004 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01586

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Chronic and acute ammonia toxicity in mudskippers, Periophthalmodon schlosseri and Boleophthalmus boddaerti: brain ammonia and glutamine contents, and effects of methionine sulfoximine and MK801

Yuen K. Ip^1,*, Mavis W. F. Leong¹, Mei Y. Sim¹, Gillian S. Goh¹, Wai P. Wong¹ and Shit F. Chew²

¹ Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
² Natural Sciences, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Republic of Singapore

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Effects of 4 days of chronic exposure to a sublethal concentration of environmental ammonia (100 mmol l-1 NH4Cl in 15 water at pH 7.0) on contents (µmol g-1) of (A) ammonia, (B) glutamine and (C) glutamate in the brain of Periophthalmodon schlosseri. *Significantly different from the time 0 value.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Effects of 4 days of chronic exposure to a sublethal concentration of environmental ammonia (8 mmol l-1 NH4Cl in 15 water at pH 7.0) on contents (µmol g-1) of (A) ammonia, (B) glutamine and (C) glutamate in the brain of and Boleophthalmus boddaerti. *Significantly different from the time 0 value.

View larger version (41K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Effects of an intraperitoneal injection with saline (0.9% NaCl, control) or a sublethal dose (8 µmol g-1 fish) of CH3COONH4 on the contents (µmol g-1) of ammonia (open), glutamine (filled) and glutamate (hatched) in the brains of Periophthalmodon schlosseri. *Significantly different from the corresponding saline-injected control value.

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Effects of an intraperitoneal injection with saline (0.9% NaCl, control) or a sublethal dose (8 µmol g-1 fish) of CH3COONH4 on the contents (µmol g-1) of ammonia (open), glutamine (filled) and glutamate (hatched) in the brains of Boleophthalmus boddaerti. *Significantly different from the corresponding saline-injected control value.

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Contents (µmol g-1) of ammonia (open), glutamine (filled) and glutamate (hatched) in the brains of Periophthalmodon schlosseri or Boleophthalmus boddaerti killed 15 min after the injection with saline (0.9% NaCl; control), succumbed within 15-50 min to an intraperitoneal injection with a sublethal dose (15 and 12 µmol g-1 fish, respectively) of CH3COONH3 (dead), or survived a sublethal dose of CH3COONH3 (15 and 12 µmol g-1 fish, respectively) and killed at hour 24. *Significantly different from values of the saline-injected control and fish survived for 24 h.

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