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First published online May 5, 2005
Journal of Experimental Biology 208, 1927-1935 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01606

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Cardiac preload and venous return in swimming sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.)

Erik Sandblom^1,*, Anthony P. Farrell², Jordi Altimiras³, Michael Axelsson¹ and Guy Claireaux⁴

¹ Department of Zoology, Göteborg University, Box 463, S-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
² Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
³ Department of Biology, Institute of Physics and Measurement Technology, Linköpings Universitet, S-58183 Linköping, Sweden
⁴ Centre de Recherche sur les Ecosystèmes Marins et Aquacoles (CNRS-IFREMER), Place du Séminaire, F-17137, L'Houmeau, France

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Arrangement of the Doppler flow probe () and vascular occluder (VO) on the ventral aorta, and catheters for blood pressure measurements in sinus venosus (PCV) and the efferent branchial artery (PDA). Close to the slit in the cuff of the occluder a hole was drilled using a 20-gauge injection needle. The luminal side of the hole was countersunk using a dental drill. The catheter (a) was pulled from the luminal side with the rubber facing the lumen. Inflation of the rubber thus occluded the aorta located inside the cuff (b). This VO is similar to the one used on trout by Zhang et al. (1998).

View larger version (31K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Representative original recordings during ventral aortic occlusion in a resting 530 g sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Before (left-hand panel) and 1.5-2 h after (right-hand panels) prazosin treatment (1 mg kg-1 Mb). (A) Dorsal aortic pressure (PDA); (B) central venous pressure (PCV); (C) relative cardiac output in kHz (); and (D) heart rate (fH). Mean circulatory filling pressure (MCFP) was calculated from the average venous plateau pressure between the 5th and 7th seconds during the ventral aortic occlusion.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Upper trace shows a representative recording of venous pressure during a full swim protocol (30 min) in an untreated sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. Ventral aortic occlusions for MCFP measurements at the end of each swim speed (rest, 1 BL s-1 and 2 BL s-1, respectively) are marked with vertical arrows. Lower panels (A-D) show mean values (+ S.E.M.) of measured and calculated venous variables at rest and while swimming at 1 and 2 BL s-1. Filled bars represent untreated fish (N=8-9) and open bars (N=7) represent fish after treatment with prazosin (1 mg kg-1 Mb). The variables are A, central venous pressure (PCV); B, mean circulatory filling pressure (MCFP); C, pressure gradient for venous return (PV) and D, resistance to venous return (Rv). *Statistically significant difference (P0.05) from resting values within each treatment and statistically significant difference (P0.05) between values before and after prazosin treatment. For a detailed description on calculations of mean values, see Materials and methods section.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Mean cardiovascular variables at rest and while swimming at 1 and 2 BL s-1 in the sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. Solid lines represent untreated fish (N=8-9) and hatched lines (N=7) represent fish after treatment with prazosin (1 mg kg-1 Mb). The measured and calculated variables are (A) dorsal aortic pressure (PDA); (B) central venous pressure (PCV); (C) cardiac output (); (D) heart rate (fH); (E) stroke volume (Vs) and (F) systemic resistance (Rsys) All values are means ± S.E.M. *Statistically significant difference (P0.05) from the resting values within a treatment group, and statistically significant difference (P0.05) between the values before and after prazosin treatment.

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