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First published online December 15, 2004
Journal of Experimental Biology 208, 31-39 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01355

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Cardiovascular development in embryos of the American alligator Alligator mississippiensis: effects of chronic and acute hypoxia

Dane A. Crossley, II^1,* and Jordi Altimiras²

¹ Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
² Department of Biology, IFM, Linköpings universitet, SE-58183 Linköping Sweden

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Embryonic (A) and yolk (B) mass for the three experimental groups: normoxia N21 (white bars), 15%O2 H15 (grey bars) and 10%O2 H10 (black bars). *Significant differences between the incubation groups at a given age; significant differences in mass compared to all preceding incubation ages. Values are means ± S.E.M. For N values, see Table 1.

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Normoxic control mean arterial pressure (a) (A) and heart rate (B) for the three experimental groups: normoxia N21 (white bars), 15%O2 H15 (grey bars) and 10%O2 H10 (black bars). A dissimilar letter between incubation age groups indicates significant changes in a within an experimental group. *Significant difference between experimental groups at a given age; significant reduction in heart rate between incubation age groups within an experimental group. Values are means ± S.E.M. For N values, see Table 1.

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Representative trace of the responses in arterial pressure Pa (A) and heart rate fH (B) of an acute exposure to 10%O2 in an embryonic alligator at 80% of incubation. The hypoxic period (5 min) is indicated between dotted lines.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Effects of acute hypoxic exposure to 15%O2 on a (A) and heart rate (B) at different incubation ages in embryos incubated in normoxic conditions (group N21). White bars, control; grey bars, hypoxic response; black bars, post-hypoxic response. *Significant difference from control. Values are means ± S.E.M. For N values, see Table 1.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Effects of acute hypoxic exposure to 10%O2 on a (A) and heart rate (B) at different incubation ages in embryos incubated in normoxic conditions (group N21). White bars, control; grey bars, hypoxic response; black bars, post-hypoxic response. An asterisk indicates a significant difference from control. Values are means ± S.E.M. For N values, see Table 1.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Changes in arterial pressure a (A) and heart rate fH (B) during acute exposure to 10%O2 in the three experimental groups (white bars, N21, normoxic incubation; grey bars, H15, 15%O2 incubation; black bars, H10, 10%O2 incubation) at different incubation ages. The changes were calculated by subtracting the values during hypoxia from the control values. *Significant difference from N21. Values are means ± S.E.M. For N values, see Table 1.

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Changes in arterial pressure a (A) and heart rate fH (B) after acute exposure to 10%O2 in the three experimental groups (white bars, N21, normoxic incubation; grey bars, H15, 15%O2 incubation; black bars, H10, 10%O2 incubation) at different incubation ages. The changes were calculated by subtracting the values post-hypoxia (bottom panels) from the control values. *Significant difference from N21; significant difference between H15 and H10. Values are means ± S.E.M. For N values, see Table 1.