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First published online February 20, 2004
Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 1249-1261 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004
doi: 10.1242/jeb.00871

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The physiological consequences of exposure to chronic, sublethal waterborne nickel in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): exercise vs resting physiology

Eric F. Pane^1,*, Aziz Haque¹, Greg G. Goss² and Chris M. Wood¹

¹ Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4K1
² Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E9

View larger version (12K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Example of a regression between the log of oxygen consumption (µO2) and swimming speed for an individual juvenile rainbow trout, showing the extrapolations (broken lines) leading to the determination of and . The solid line represents swimming speeds within the range in which oxygen consumption was measured.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. (A) Ni concentrations in various tissues of juvenile rainbow trout following 42 days of exposure to either control (open bars), 384 µg Ni l–1 (hatched bars) or 2034 µg Ni l–1 (filled bars). Values are means ±1 S.E.M. (N=6–10). Asterisks indicate significant difference (P<0.05) from control mean by a one-way ANOVA with a two-sided Dunnett's post-hoc multiple comparison test. (B) Relative distribution of accumulated Ni among eight tissues in a hypothetical 1-kg rainbow trout. Accumulated Ni in each tissue (µg Ni kg–1 tissue; see A) was multiplied by that tissue's relative proportion of total body mass to normalize individual tissue Ni burdens to a hypothetical 1-kg fish. Therefore, normalized accumulation is expressed as µg Ni kg fish–1 for each tissue. (C) Percentage of accumulated tissue Ni burdens that can be explained purely by Ni within the blood plasma perfusing each tissue (see Discussion for details).

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Plasma ion concentrations (Na+, Cl–, Ca2+ and Mg2+) of juvenile rainbow trout following 42 days of exposure to either control (open bars), 384 µg Ni l–1 (hatched bars) or 2034 µg Ni l–1 (filled bars). Values are means ±1 S.E.M. (N=6–10). Asterisks indicate significant difference (P<0.05) from control mean by a one-way ANOVA with a two-sided Dunnett's post-hoc multiple comparison test.

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Plasma stress indicators in juvenile rainbow trout following 42 days of exposure to either control (open bars), 384 µg Ni l–1 (hatched bars) or 2034 µg Ni l–1 (filled bars). Values are means ±1 S.E.M. (N=6–10). Asterisks indicate significant difference (P<0.05) from control mean by a one-way ANOVA with a two-sided Dunnett's post-hoc multiple comparison test.

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Critical swimming speed (Ucrit) of juvenile rainbow trout following 12 days and 24 days of exposure to either control (open bars), 384 µg Ni l–1 (hatched bars) or 2034 µg Ni l–1 (filled bars). Values are means ±1 S.E.M. (N=6–10). Asterisks indicate significant difference (P<0.05) from control mean by a one-way ANOVA with a two-sided Dunnett's post-hoc multiple comparison test. BL = body lengths.

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Aerobic swimming performance in juvenile rainbow trout exposed to 394 µg Ni l–1. (A) Basal oxygen consumption rate (). (B) Maximal oxygen consumption rate (). (C) Aerobic scope for activity. (D) Critical swimming speed (Ucrit). Values are means ±1 S.E.M. (N=5–8). Asterisks indicate significant difference (P<0.05) from simultaneous control mean by an unpaired two-tailed Student's t-test. Bars to the right of the broken vertical line represents measurements made after 38 days of exposure to clean water (C 38). BL, body lengths.

View larger version (74K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Light micrographs of the secondary lamellar structure of gills from (A) control or (B) Ni-exposed fish (394 µg Ni l–1; 69 days). Note the thickened lamellae and decreased interlamellar water space in the treated gill (B). Sections are 1 µm thick, stained with Richardson's stain. Scale bars, 25 µm.

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Group regressions of the log of oxygen consumption rate (µO2) against swimming speed for which BL represents body lengths. (A) Day 0 (initial sampling). The slopes of the two group regression lines are not significantly different. Group regression equations were y=0.213x+0.349, r=0.809 (control) and y=0.206x+0.361, r=0.853 (Ni), where y=log µO2 and x=swimming speed. (B) Day 34 of Ni exposure. The slope of the regression line in the Ni group is significantly different (P<0.05) from that of the control fish. Group regression equations were y=0.270x+0.111, r=0.869 (control) and y=0.204x+0.249, r=0.644 (Ni). BL, body lengths.

View larger version (12K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Gill Ni concentrations in juvenile rainbow trout. Ni-exposed fish were exposed to Ni for 99 days, followed by 38 days in clean water. Values are means ± 1 S.E.M. (N=6–9). Asterisks indicate significant difference (P<0.05) from simultaneous control mean by an unpaired two-tailed Student's t-test.

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