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First published online December 22, 2003
Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 427-435 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004
doi: 10.1242/jeb.00755

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Noise-induced stress response and hearing loss in goldfish (Carassius auratus)

Michael E. Smith^1,*, Andrew S. Kane² and Arthur N. Popper^1,3

¹ Department of Biology and Center for Comparative and Evolutionary Biology of Hearing, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
² Aquatic Pathobiology Program, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
³ Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. The power spectra of the 170 dB re 1 µPa white noise used for noise-exposure experiments. The top curve shows the spectrum as recorded directly from the MiniDisc player. The bottom curve shows the spectrum as recorded by a hydrophone placed centrally within the noise-exposure bucket. The spectrum measured within the noise-exposure aquarium is similar to that of the bucket, so it is omitted for clarity.

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Mean (+ S.E.M.) goldfish blood plasma cortisol and glucose concentrations after 0 min (control), 10 min and 60 min white noise exposure for the short-term noise-exposure experiment. The asterisk represents a level that is significantly different (P=0.01) from the control.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Mean (± S.E.M.) auditory thresholds of control and noise-exposed goldfish in the short-term experiment (10 min, 1 h and 24 h white noise exposures). N=6 per data point.

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Mean (± S.E.M.) temporary threshold shifts (TTS; between 0.1 kHz and 2 kHz) of noise-exposed goldfish as a function of exposure duration in the short-term and long-term noise-exposure experiments (see text). N=7 per data point (one mean value of six fish for each of seven frequencies).

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Mean (± S.E.M.) auditory thresholds of control, 24-h noise-exposed and postexposure (recovery) goldfish in the short-term experiment. N=6 per data point. The same six individual fish were used consecutively for each time point before and after noise exposure.

View larger version (10K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Mean (± S.E.M.) auditory temporary threshold shifts (TTS) in the long-term experiment as a function of duration of time post-noise exposure (immediately after 21 days exposure = 0 days, 7 days and 14 days). N=6 per data point. The same six individual fish were used consecutively for each time point before and after noise exposure. The TTS for each individual was averaged across all frequencies (0.1-4 kHz). The 0 day data point is offset slightly to the right.