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First published online December 22, 2003
Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 417-425 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004
doi: 10.1242/jeb.00777
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Allometry of maximum vertical force production during hovering flight of neotropical orchid bees (Apidae: Euglossini)

Michael E. Dillon1,* and Robert Dudley2,3

1 Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
2 Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
3 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 2072, Balboa, Republic of Panama



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  		Fig. 1. Load-lifting assay used to determine maximum vertical force production. See text for detailed description.

 


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  		Fig. 2. Relationship between body mass m and either body weight-specific vertical force production (filled circles) or muscle weight-specific vertical force production (open circles) for eleven species of orchid bee. Regressions as follows: OLS, Fvert/mg=2.06–0.244m, r2=0.25, P=0.117 (NS); Fvert/mmusg=6.22–1.10m, r2=0.39, P=0.04; RMA, Fvert/mg=2.15–0.487m, 99% CI for slope: -0.95, -0.03; Fvert/mmusg=6.46–1.75m, 99% CI for slope: -2.82, -0.73. Allometric exponents are given in Table 4. NS, not significant.

 


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  		Fig. 3. Relationship between log body mass (m) and either log stroke amplitude ({Phi} filled circles) or log wing-beat frequency (n; open circles) for eleven species of orchid bees. Linear regressions as follows: log{Phi}=2.17–0.005logm, r2=0.35, P=0.055 (NS); log n=2.94–0.13logm, r2=0.90, P<0.001. NS, not significant.

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2004