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First published online October 21, 2004
Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 4037-4044 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01237

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Kinematics of aquatic and terrestrial escape responses in mudskippers

Brook O. Swanson^* and Alice C. Gibb

Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 5640, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA

View larger version (49K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Digital images of a dorsal view of a mudskipper performing an escape response in aquatic (A) and terrestrial (B) environments. In A, the fish performs a stereotyped C-start behavior in the water, with the end of stage 1 occurring at 0.040 s. In B, the fish forms a `J' shape at the end of stage 1 by folding the tail to rest alongside the body in a terrestrial escape response, with the end of stage 1 occurring at 0.060 s. Time labels are from the first movement.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Mean intervertebral joint angles ± 1 S.E.M. for aquatic and terrestrial escape responses at the end of stage 1. Segment 0 is the rostral end of the vertebral column and segment 30 is the caudal end.

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. A series of kinematic plots of movement of the center of mass for a representative aquatic and terrestrial escape response: (A) smoothed cumulative displacement data; (B) velocity, calculated as the first derivative of displacement, and (C) acceleration, calculated as the second derivative of displacement.