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First published online October 7, 2004
Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 3917-3926 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01232
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Heart rate and energetics of free-ranging king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus)

G. Froget1,2, P. J. Butler1,*, A. J. Woakes1, A. Fahlman1, G. Kuntz2, Y. Le Maho2 and Y. Handrich2

1 School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
2 Centre d'Écologie et Physiologie Énergétiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 23 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg cedex, France



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  		Fig. 1. Recording of depth (blue trace; top) and heart rate (red trace; bottom) of a king penguin (bird B00, mass=11.65 kg) over a 6 day period. Black arrow indicates the time when the bird went to sea.

 


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  		Fig. 2. Percentage frequency distribution of dive durations from 10 king penguins (only dives longer than 1 min and inter-dive interval shorter than 10 min were considered). Dive durations are divided into 20 s intervals. N=5230.

 


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  		Fig. 3. Percentage frequency distribution of 30 min averaged heart rate from king penguins ashore (solid line) and while at sea (dotted line); N=10.

 


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  		Fig. 4. Mean heart rates at half-hourly intervals (continuous line), and mean maximum diving depth (broken line) of foraging king penguins (N=10) during the incubation and chick-guarding period. Each point is the mean ± S.E.M. from all the birds while they were at sea.

 


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  		Fig. 5. Temporal changes in heart rate (beats min–1; bottom), and depth (m; top) occurring during diving relative to the point of submergence and the points of surfacing, for long dives (240–250 s; red traces) and short dives (150–140 s; black traces). Each point is the mean ± S.E.M. of the mean values from 7 birds. The blue horizontal lines are mean ± S.E.M. of heart rate when ashore.

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2004