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First published online October 7, 2004
Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 3891-3898 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01222
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Developmental changes in cardiorespiratory patterns associated with terrestrial apnoeas in harbour seal pups

Jennifer L. Lapierre1,*, Jason F. Schreer2,{dagger}, Jennifer M. Burns3 and Michael O. Hammill4

1 Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3K8
2 Department of Biology, SUNY Potsdam, Potsdam, NY 13676, USA
3 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
4 Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Mont-Joli, QC, Canada G5H 3Z4



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  		Fig. 1. A 15 s segment of the electrocardiogram, instantaneous heart rate (beats min–1), and respiratory impedance (inspiration upward) trace from a quietly resting 16 day-old male harbour seal pup in eupnoea.

 


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  		Fig. 2. Respiration rate (mean ± S.E.M.) of quietly resting pre-weaned harbour seal pups (circles; N=38), weaned pups (triangles; N=6) and adult females (A; squares; N=2).

 


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  		Fig. 3. Terrestrial apnoea duration (mean ± S.E.M.) of quietly resting pre-weaned harbour seal pups (circles; N=35), weaned pups (triangles; N=5) and an adult female (A; square; N=1).

 


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  		Fig. 4. Eupnoeic heart rate (mean ± S.E.M.) of quietly resting pre-weaned harbour seal pups (circles; N=39), weaned pups (triangles; N=6) and adult females (A; squares; N=2).

 


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  		Fig. 5. (A) Apnoeic heart rate (mean ± S.E.M.) of quietly resting pre-weaned harbour seal pups (circles), weaned pups (triangles) and an adult female (A; square). (B) Apnoeic heart rate (mean ± S.E.M.) separated and categorized as `high' (>100 beats min–1) or `low' (<100 beats min–1). (C) Proportion of time spent in the low heart rate mode.

 


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  		Fig. 6. Frequency histograms illustrating the bimodality of the apnoeic heart rate for a (A) 4 day, (B) 16 day, and (C) 31 day-old quietly resting harbour seal pup. N=number of apnoeas.

 


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  		Fig. 7. Instantaneous heart rate trace of a eupnoea–apnoea–eupnoea transition in a (A) 4 day, (B) 16 day, and (C) 31 day-old quietly resting harbour seal pup. Vertical black lines represent the commencement and termination of the apnoea.

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2004