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First published online August 23, 2004
Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 3399-3410 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01130

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Intraspecific divergence of ionoregulatory physiology in the euryhaline teleost Fundulus heteroclitus: possible mechanisms of freshwater adaptation

Graham R. Scott^1,*, Joseph T. Rogers², Jeff G. Richards¹, Chris M. Wood² and Patricia M. Schulte¹

¹ Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
² Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton ON, Canada L8S 4K1

View larger version (10K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Survival of northern (black) and southern (grey) killifish after transfer to either brackish water (BW; 10 g l-1) or freshwater (FW).

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Plasma sodium (N>5) (A) and chloride (N>5) (B) levels in northern (black) and southern (grey) killifish before (pre) and after transfer from brackish water (BW; 10 g l-1) to either brackish water (squares) or freshwater (FW; triangles). Data are expressed as means ± S.E.M. *Significant difference from time-matched brackish water control (P<0.05). Plasma Na data for northern killifish have been previously reported (Scott et al., 2004).

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Fold-change in Na+/K+-ATPase 1a mRNA expression (N>7) (A) as well as Na+/K+-ATPase activity (N>6) in northern (B) and southern (C) killifish gills before (pre) and after transfer from brackish water (BW; 10 g l-1; squares) to either brackish water or freshwater (FW; triangles). Expression data are standardized to elongation factor 1 and are relative to time-matched brackish water controls (see Materials and methods). Data are expressed as means ± S.E.M. *Significant difference from time-matched brackish water control. Significant difference from northern population (P<0.05). Data for northern killifish are from Scott et al. (2004).

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Total (net) flux and unidirectional fluxes of Na+ (A) and total Cl- flux (B) in northern (black and white) and southern (grey and hatched) killifish after transfer from brackish water (10 g l-1) to freshwater (N>9). Positive values represent influx (Jin). Significant difference from northern population (P<0.05).

View larger version (152K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Representative scanning electron micrographs of the gills of northern (A,C) and southern (B,D) killifish before (A,B) and 8 days after transfer from brackish water (10 g l-1) to freshwater (C,D). Apical crypts (arrow), freshwater-type mitochondria-rich cells (arrowhead) and cells with intermediate morphology (asterisk) are apparent (scale bar, 10 µm). (E) Enlarged view of freshwater-type mitochondria-rich cell (scale bar, 1 µm).

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Freshwater-type mitochondria-rich (chloride) cell, `intermediate' cell and apical crypt density on the apical surface of northern (black) and southern (grey) killifish gills before (N=3) and 8 days after transfer from brackish water (10 g l-1) to freshwater (N=5). Data are expressed as means ± S.E.M. *Significant difference from brackish water control. Significant difference from northern population (P<0.05).

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