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First published online July 26, 2004
Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 3003-3014 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01116

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The effects of intense wing molt on diving in alcids and potential influences on the evolution of molt patterns

Eli S. Bridge

University of Minnesota Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, 100 Ecology Building, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Illustration of the video triangulation technique used to generate three-dimensional coordinate data. The y axis for the coordinate system is the vertical broken line associated with the 0 value for z. The z axis is the water surface, such that all underwater coordinates have negative y values. See text for explanations of all variables.

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Illustrations of wing-molt stages traced from photographs of a tufted puffin wing. All wings are drawn to the same scale. Approximations of the percentage of intact wing area with the wing loosely extended are listed for each molt stage.

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Comparisons of labor-intensive and shortcut methods of estimating dive parameters. (A) Estimates of work per flap for 210 flaps derived independently by both techniques. (B) Estimates of work per flap from 21 dives with flaps from the same dive averaged. The number of flaps per dive ranged from 7 to 12 and averaged 10. All data points lie below the line of equality (broken line), indicating that slightly lower values were generated by the shortcut technique.

View larger version (34K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Changes in dive parameters associated with each molt stage (illustrated along the x axis). The first (leftmost) point in each series is the overall mean from all birds for molt stages 0 and/or 5. The following points represent average deviations from that baseline mean. See text for details. Sample sizes (number of birds) are shown in C, with further details in Table 1. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Lowercase letters indicate the results from Tukey-Kramer multiple comparisons tests; means that have a lowercase letter in common are not significantly different (=0.05). If no letters are present then none of the means differ significantly.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Wing-molt chronology for common guillemots and tufted puffins. The durations of each molt stage are listed (mean ± S.D.). Brackets illustrate the approximate periods of primary and secondary molt. Respective sample sizes for molt stages 1-4 were 10, 17, 23 and 22 in common guillemots and 24, 31, 19 and 5 in tufted puffins.