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First published online July 2, 2004
Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 2777-2786 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01092

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Habitat-dependent transmission of male advertisement calls in bladder grasshoppers (Orthoptera; Pneumoridae)

Vanessa C. K. Couldridge^* and Moira J. van Staaden

Department of Biological Sciences, and JP Scott Center for Neuroscience, Mind and Behavior, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA

View larger version (41K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Map of South Africa showing the four biomes of interest and the locations of the field sites where the transmission experiments were conducted: 1, Springbok; 2, Citrusdal; 3, Kloof; 4, Bulwer. Lines within South Africa indicate provincial boundaries.

View larger version (46K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Sonogram exemplars of species-specific male mate location signals for seven bladder grasshopper taxa used in the transmission experiments.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Cross correlation coefficients (means ± S.E.M.) at a recording distance of 100 m in four transmission habitats and at three recording heights. Species are grouped according to their native habitats. Letters above error bars (a–c) indicate significance individually within each plot, with different letters representing a significant difference at the 5% level and the same letter indicating no significant difference.

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Amplitude measurements (means ± S.E.M.) at a recording distance of 100 m in four transmission habitats and at three recording heights. At this distance, attenuation due to spherical spreading alone theoretically results in an amplitude of 56.4 dB. Species are grouped according to their native habitats. Letters above error bars (a–c) indicate significance individually within each plot, with different letters representing a significant difference at the 5% level and the same letter indicating no significant difference.

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Standard deviations of cross correlation coefficients plotted over distance at three different heights above the ground in four different habitats.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Standard deviations of amplitude measurements (mean ± S.D.) plotted over distance at three different heights above the ground in four different habitats.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Power spectra of environmental noise in the four different habitats where transmission experiments were performed. The dotted lines represent the carrier frequencies of the signals of species native to that habitat.