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First published online June 16, 2004
Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 2715-2724 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01074

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Adjustments of gastric pH, motility and temperature during long-term preservation of stomach contents in free-ranging incubating king penguins

C. Thouzeau^1,*, G. Peters^1,2, C. Le Bohec¹ and Y. Le Maho¹

¹ Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UPR 9010, Centre d'Ecologie et Physiologie Energétiques, 23 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
² earth&Ocean Technologies, Hasseer Strasse 75, 24113 Kiel, Germany

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Representative changes of gastric pH (A) and temperature (B) before, during and after a meal in a non-incubating king penguin (bird III). Feeding (610 g) is indicated by the arrow in B. Night-time is represented by the black parts of the upper horizontal bar.

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Representative changes of gastric motility (A) and temperature (B) before, during and after a meal in a non-incubating king penguin (bird IV). Feeding (650 g) is indicated by the arrow in B. Night-time is represented by the black parts of the upper horizontal bar.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Individual examples of evolution of gastric pH and temperature (A; bird 5) and of gastric motility and temperature (B; bird 11), in two incubating male king penguins.

View larger version (29K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Changes in mean hourly pH of the stomach contents of seven male king penguins (birds 1–7) during the first week of their incubation fast. Daily and minimum mean values found for control birds are indicated by broken and dotted lines, respectively. Absence (–) or presence (+) of bile pigment coloration in the food is indicated at the beginning and the end of the period studied. Values are means ± S.D.

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Mean values of gastric pH (A) and motility (B) over the study period of fasting for incubating birds (1–15) and over the days after feeding for control birds (I–VII). Values in the same figure with different superscripts are significantly different (P<0.05). Values are means ± S.D. As the required conditions for applying a parametric procedure were not fulfilled, comparisons among birds were performed using a Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA on ranks.

View larger version (33K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Changes in mean hourly motility in eight male king penguins during the first week of their incubation fast. Daily and maximum mean values found for control birds are indicated by broken and dotted lines, respectively. Absence (–) or presence (+) of bile pigment coloration in the food is indicated at the beginning and the end of the period studied. Values are means ± S.D.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Relationship between mean gastric motility and the decrease in lipid content of stomach content in male king penguins during the first week of their incubation fast. y=5.479+0.187exp(0.08x); R2=0.92; F2,7=30.0; P<0.002. The number of the bird at each point is given.