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First published online June 16, 2004
Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 2705-2713 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01077

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Effects of swimming on metabolic recovery from anoxia in the painted turtle

Daniel E. Warren^* and Donald C. Jackson

Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Brown University, Box G, Providence, RI 02912, USA

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Schematic of flume used to train turtles for 14 days prior to and during the experiment. Turtles were transferred to the working chamber of the apparatus after 1 h of recovery from 2 h of anoxic submergence and then swum for 0, 1 or 2 h. (A) Side view; (B) top view.

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. (A) Oxygen consumption rate (O2), (B) carbon dioxide production rate (CO2) and (C) respiratory exchange ratio (RE) in trained and untrained turtles swum from 0 to 2 h during recovery from anoxic submergence. Values are mean ± S.E.M. (N=6–9). Differing letters indicate significant differences between time points within a treatment. Differing numbers indicate significant differences between treatments at a specific time point (two-way RM-MANOVA, Student's t-tests, P<0.05). PR, passive recovery; AR, active recovery; U, untrained; T, trained.

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. (A) Arterial PCO2, (B) blood pH and (C) plasma bicarbonate concentration in trained and untrained turtles swum from 0 to 2 h during recovery from anoxic submergence. There was no significant interaction between time and treatment for any of the parameters. Values are mean ± S.E.M. (N=6–9). The pooled means of the 2 h active recovery/trained treatment were significantly higher than those from the other treatments for arterial PCO2 and blood pH. Differing letters indicate significant differences between time points for pooled means (two-way RM-MANOVA, Student's t-test, P<0.05). PR, passive recovery; AR, active recovery; U, untrained; T, trained. 1 torr=133.3 Pa.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Percent decrease in plasma lactate per hour in trained and untrained turtles swum from 0 to 2 h during recovery from anoxic submergence. Each point is the % decrease in plasma lactate from the preceding time point divided by the time between the samples. Values are mean ± S.E.M. (N=6–9). Differing letters indicate significant differences between time points within a treatment. Differing numbers indicate significant differences between treatments at a specific time point (two-way RM-MANOVA, Student's t-tests, P<0.05). PR, passive recovery; AR, active recovery; U, untrained; T, trained.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Percent change in plasma lactate per hour versus oxygen consumption rate (O2) for all turtles during the second hour of recovery (first hour of swimming or not swimming; closed symbols) and the third and fourth hours of recovery (second hour of swimming or not swimming + one hour of not swimming; open symbols) following 2 h of anoxia at 25°C. There was a significant correlation between these two rates (P<0.001, r=0.52).

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