First published online May 13, 2004
Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 2065-2070 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004
doi: 10.1242/jeb.00999
Variation in temperature increases the cost of living in birds
C. J. Pendlebury1,*,
M. G. MacLeod2 and
D. M. Bryant1,
1 School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling,
Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland
2 Division of Integrative Biology, Roslin Institute (Edinburgh), Midlothian
EH25 9PS, Scotland

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Fig. 1. The effects of the temperature variation and food quality treatment groups
(Experiment 1) on (A) daily energy expenditure (DEE) and (B) mean egg mass.
Values are means ± S.E.M.
(N=20). Hatched columns, high-quality food; open columns, low-quality
food.
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Fig. 2. Daily energy expenditure (DEE) (Experiment 2) (A) following a sudden change
in temperature; and (B) for the sudden temperature-change treatment groups
(LM, low to medium; ML, medium to low; MH, medium to high; HM, high to
medium). Values are means ± S.E.M.
(N=16).
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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2004