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First published online May 13, 2004
Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 2021-2031 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004
doi: 10.1242/jeb.00959
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Dogmas and controversies in the handling of nitrogenous wastes: Osmoregulation during early embryonic development in the marine little skate Raja erinacea; response to changes in external salinity

S. L. Steele1, P. H. Yancey2 and P. A. Wright1,*

1 Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
2 Biology Department, Whitman College, Walla Walla, WA 99362, USA



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  		Fig. 1. Urea excretion rates (mean ± S.E.M.) in 4-month old Raja erinacea embryos over a 120 h period of exposure to 75% seawater (A) and a subsequent 78 h reintroduction to 100% seawater (B), N=4. *Significantly different from control value at that time point (P<0.05).

 


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  		Fig. 2. Urea excretion rates (mean ± S.E.M.) in 8-month old Raja erinacea embryos over a 120 h period of exposure to 75% seawater (A) and a subsequent 78 h reintroduction to 100% seawater (B), N=4. *Significantly different from control value at that time point (P<0.05).

 


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  		Fig. 3. Ammonia excretion rates (mean ± S.E.M.) in 8-month old Raja erinacea embryos over a 120 h period of exposure to 75% seawater (A) and a subsequent 78 h reintroduction to 100% seawater (B), N=4.

 


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  		Fig. 4. Stacked plot of urea, TMAO, and total other osmolytes content (mean ± S.E.M.) in 4-month old embryos (E) and yolk (Y) samples after both 120 h of 75% seawater exposure (D) and 78 h of recovery in 100% (R) seawater, N=4. C, control. *Significantly different from control value (P<0.05).

 


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  		Fig. 5. Stacked plot of urea, TMAO, and total other osmolytes content (mean ± S.E.M.) in 8-month old embryos (E) and yolk (Y) samples after both 120 h of 75% seawater exposure (D) and 78 h of recovery in 100% (R) seawater, N=4. C, control. *Significantly different from control value (P<0.05).

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2004