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First published online April 23, 2004
Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 1925-1939 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004
doi: 10.1242/jeb.00994
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Dynamics of pectoral fin rowing in a fish with an extreme rowing stroke: the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)

Jeffrey A. Walker

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth Street, Portland, ME 04103, USA



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  		Fig. 1. These stills from a rowing stroke of the stickleback highlight (A) how the sharp bend in the fin allows it to achieve a feathered orientation as it is pulled off the body at the initiation of the recovery stroke, (B) the feathered fin during the recovery stroke, (C) how the sharp bend in the fin allows the fish to achieve a broadside orientation by pulling the leading edge at the start of the power stroke (rather than rigidly rotating the appendage as in a fruitfly) and (D) the broadside orientation during the power stroke and close against the body. The black arrows mark the distal edge of the fin while the red arrows mark the location along the distal edge of the sharp bend.

 


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  		Fig. 2. Angles of attack for the distal fin chord. The time axis has been standardized within the recovery (R) and power (P) strokes. The boxplot represents the 10th (lower bar), 25th (lower edge of box), 50th (bar in box), 75th (upper edge of box) and 90th (upper bar) percentiles. (A) Geometric angle of attack, which shows a relatively feathered distal chord during the recovery stroke and broadside distal chord during the power stroke. (B) Hydrodynamic angle of attack (angle of incidence) showing the very small angles during the recovery stroke and very large angles during the power stroke.

 


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  		Fig. 3. Repeated measurements of body acceleration in (A) fore–aft and (B) up–down directions. The green, blue and red colors represent three different sequences while the replication within each color represents three different digitizations of the same sequence using different marks on the fish body (each located near the center of mass). The time axis has been standardized within the recovery (R) and power (P) strokes.

 


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  		Fig. 4. Distribution of coefficients of measured thrust (CT) and lift (CL) throughout the standardized stroke cycle. The time axis has been standardized within the recovery (R) and power (P) strokes. The red, green and blue lines are cubic splines fit to the data at 12.6, 18.0 and 23.4 cm s-1, respectively. Peak CT does not differ between speeds. Peak CL for the 12.6 cm s-1 group is significantly greater than the peak CL for the 18.0 and 23.4 cm s-1 groups. Interpretation of the boxplot as in Fig. 2.

 


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  		Fig. 5. Comparison of measured (black) and modeled (colored) coefficients of thrust (CT) and lift (CL) throughout a standardized stroke cycle. The time axis has been standardized within the recovery (R) and power (P) strokes. The red, green and blue lines are cubic splines of the total, circulatory and inertial forces, respectively, fit to the six different sequences (individual dots).

 


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  		Fig. 6. Measured (black) and modeled total (red) and circulatory (green) power required to oscillate the fins. The time axis has been standardized within the recovery (R) and power (P) strokes.

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2004