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First published online November 10, 2003
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Controlling muscle mitochondrial content

Christopher D. Moyes

Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6



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  		Fig. 1. A survey of the levels of the mitochondrial enzyme citrate synthase found in skeletal muscles of vertebrates. Values were obtained from the literature for tree swallows Tachycineta bicolour (Burness et al., 2001Go) rufous hummingbird Selasphorus rufus (Suarez et al., 1991Go), carp Cyprinus carpio (Moyes et al., 1992Go), skipjack tuna Katsuwanis pelamis (Moyes et al., 1992Go), swordfish (Tullis et al., 1991Go) and cultured mouse myoblasts (Moyes et al., 1997Go). Values for rat muscles, largemouth bass Micropterous salmoides are unpublished. All values are standardized to 25°C using a Q10 of 1.9 for citrate synthase (Moyes et al., 1992Go).

 


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  		Fig. 2. Transcriptional regulators of a typical nuclear-encoded respiratory gene. Mitochondrial genes typically lack TATA boxes and constitutive expression is usually mediated by the specificity protein 1 (Sp1) family of transcription factors. The promoters for mitochondrial genes often possess binding sites for CREB, PPAR, NRF-1 and NRF-2. The members of the mammalian PPAR and RxR families are shown but the extent of the family in other vertebrates is not yet established. Not every tissue expresses each of the RxR and PPAR family members. Hexagons represent the specific agonists for the nuclear hormone receptors.

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2003