First published online October 27, 2003
Bone formation is not impaired by hibernation (disuse) in black bears Ursus americanus
Seth W. Donahue1,*,
Michael R. Vaughan2,
Laurence M. Demers3 and
Henry J. Donahue4
1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University,
Houghton, MI 49931, USA
2 US Geological Survey, Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research
Unit, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
24061-0321, USA
3 Departments of Pathology and Medicine
4 Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, The Pennsylvania State
University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA

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Fig. 1. Seasonal variations in the serum concentration of the bone formation marker
type 1 collagen carboxy-terminal propeptide (PICP); values are means ±
S.E.M. (N=5). The arrows indicate the beginning and end of
hibernation.
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Fig. 2. Seasonal variations in the serum concentration of the bone resorption
marker type 1 collagen carboxy-terminal telopeptide (ICTP); values are means
± S.E.M. (N=5). The arrows indicate the beginning
and end of hibernation.
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Fig. 3. Seasonal variations in the serum concentration of the bone resorption
marker type 1 collagen amino-terminal telopeptide (NTX); values are means
± S.E.M. (N=5). The arrows indicate the beginning
and end of hibernation. BCE, bone collagen equivalents.
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Fig. 4. Seasonal variations in the serum concentration of cortisol; values are
means ± S.E.M. (N=5). The arrows indicate the
beginning and end of hibernation.
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Fig. 5. Mean serum PICP concentrations for the three study periods. Bar values are
means ± S.E.M. (N=5). Groups with the same letter
are not significantly different from each other. The PICP concentration was
not significantly different during hibernation than during the pre-hibernation
period. However, post-hibernation, PICP concentration was significantly higher
than in the other two periods.
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Fig. 6. Mean serum ICTP concentrations for the three study periods. Bar values are
means ± S.E.M. (N=5). Groups with the same letter
are not significantly different from each other. The serum ICTP concentration
significantly increased during hibernation and returned to pre-hibernation
values upon remobilization.
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Fig. 7. Mean serum NTX concentrations for the three study periods. Bar values are
means ± S.E.M. (N=5). Serum NTX concentration was
not significantly different between the three study periods. BCE, bone
collagen equivalents.
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Fig. 8. Mean serum cortisol concentrations for the three study periods. Bar values
are means ± S.E.M. (N=5). Groups with the same
letter are not significantly different from each other. The serum ICTP
concentration significantly increased during hibernation and returned to
pre-hibernation values upon remobilization.
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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2003