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First published online September 9, 2003

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Hypoxia induces adaptive and reversible gross morphological changes in crucian carp gills

Jørund Sollid^1,*, Paula De Angelis², Kristian Gundersen¹ and Göran E. Nilsson¹

¹ Division of General Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, PO Box 1051, 0316 Oslo, Norway
² Institute of Pathology, Norwegian National Hospital, Oslo, Norway

View larger version (61K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Graphic illustration of the sites where lamellar diameter (d), height of protruding lamellae (h and H) and basal length of protruding lamellae (l and L) were measured in (A) normoxic and (B) hypoxic fish. Lowercase letters denote measurements in normoxia, and uppercase letters denote measurements in hypoxia. ILCM, interlamellar cell mass (see text for explanation).

View larger version (119K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Transmission electron micrograph of a typical apoptotic cell in the interlamellar cell mass, displaying cell shrinkage and nuclear fragmentation. Scale bar, 2 µm.

View larger version (152K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Scanning electron micrographs from the 2nd gill arch of crucian carp kept in normoxic or hypoxic water. (a) In normoxia, the gill filaments have no protruding lamellae. (b) The morphology has already changed after 1 day of hypoxia exposure (0.75±0.15 mg O2 l-1). (c,d) The change progresses for up to 7 days in hypoxia, but (e) there were no further changes with subsequent exposure. (f) When the fish were moved to normoxic water, the morphological changes were reversed within 7 days. Scale bar, 50 µm.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. The percentage of apoptotic and S-phase cells (left y-axis) and the total cell number in a central cross-section of the interlamellar cell mass (ILCM; right y-axis) during hypoxia exposure. Values are means ± S.E.M. from six fish. Values significantly different from previous values are marked with an asterisk (P<0.01).

View larger version (117K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Light micrographs of gills stained for (a-c) S-phase cells (BrdU) and (d-f) apoptotic cells (TUNEL). Picture series starts with normoxia (a,d), 3 days of hypoxia (b,e) and 7 days of hypoxia (c,f). Arrows point out some of the stained cells seen on the micrographs. ILCM, interlamellar cell mass. Scale bar, 50 µm.