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Swimming performance studies on the eastern Pacific bonito Sarda chiliensis, a close relative of the tunas (family Scombridae) I. Energetics

C. A. Sepulveda^1,*, K. A. Dickson² and J. B. Graham¹

¹ Center for Marine Biomedicine and Biotechnology and Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA
² Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92834, USA

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Relationships between O2 and swimming speed for 12 bonito (44–50 cm FL, 0.98–1.49 kg) swimming at 18±2°C. Fish numbers are the same as those in Table 1.

View larger version (10K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. U-shaped curve obtained by plotting the mean combined O2 (means ± S.E.M.) for all bonitos (N=12) at each test speed.

View larger version (9K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Semi-logarithmic plots comparing the complete (open triangles, solid line) and corrected (filled triangles, broken line) bonito swimming speed–O2 data sets. [Note: the corrected data set was obtained by the selective removal of 10 elevated-O2, slow-speed data points (see text).] The two data sets are described by the best-fit equations: y=107e0.015x, r=0.74, for the complete data set; y=70e0.020x, r=0.84, for the corrected data set. Extrapolation of these equations to zero speed estimates bonito SMR as 107±22 mg O2 kg-1 h-1 for the complete data set; 70±10 mg O2 kg-1 h-1 for the corrected data set.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. (A) The gross cost of transport (GCOT, broken lines) and net cost of transport COTnet, solid lines) estimates for bonito swimming at 18°C (blue) and 24°C (red). [Note: 24°C values are estimated from 18°C values, based on a Q10 of 2.0 (see text).] (B) Comparison of the GCOT (broken lines) and COTnet (solid lines) values predicted for the bonito (red) at 24°C with estimates for similar sized yellowfin tuna (black) at 24±1°C (Dewar and Graham, 1994a).

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Comparison of bonito mass-specific standard metabolic rate (SMR) at 18°C and 24°C with values published for other comparably sized species at similar test temperatures: yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata (filled triangle) (20°C; Yamamoto et al., 1981), salmon Oncorhynchus nerka (filled circle) (20°C; Brett and Glass, 1973), skipjack Katsuwonus pelamis (open circle) (25°C; Brill, 1979), yellowfin Thunnus albacares (asterisk) and kawakawa Euthynnus affinis (open triangle) tunas (25°C; Brill, 1987), yellowfin tuna (open square) (24±1°C; Dewar and Graham, 1994a) and dolphinfish Coryphaena hippurus (cross) (Benetti et al., 1995).