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Maturation of cardiovascular control mechanisms in the embryonic emu (Dromiceius novaehollandiae)

Dane A. Crossley, II1,*, Brian P. Bagatto2, Edward M. Dzialowski3 and Warren W. Burggren3

1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
2 Department of Biology, University of Akron, OH 44325, USA
3 Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA



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  		Fig. 1. Control developmental patterns for (A) heart rate (fH) and (B) mean arterial pressure (a) in embryonic emus between 60% and 90% of incubation. A bar that overlaps different percentages of incubation indicates that the values are statistically similar. Data are presented as means ± 1 S.E.M. N=5 for each incubation period studied.

 


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  		Fig. 2. Absolute changes in (A,C) heart rate (fH) and (B,D) mean arterial pressure (a) in response to hypoxia (15% and 10% O2) in embryonic emus. Asterisks indicate significant difference (P<0.05) from zero. All data are presented as means ± 1 S.E.M. N=5 for each incubation period studied.

 


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  		Fig. 3. A representative trace from a single embryonic emu (90%I) illustrating the (A) arterial pressure (a) and (B) heart rate (fH) responses to injections of the autonomic blockers atropine, propranolol and phentolamine. The broken vertical lines indicate times of drug injections.

 


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  		Fig. 4. Absolute changes in (A) heart rate (fH) and (B) mean arterial pressure (a) in response to atropine. Asterisks represent significant (P<0.05) drug responses, and a bar that overlaps different percentages of incubation indicates that the values are statistically similar between these periods. Data are presented as means ± 1 S.E.M. N=5 for each incubation period studied.

 


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  		Fig. 5. Absolute changes in (A,C) heart rate (fH) and (B,D) mean arterial pressure (a) in response to propranolol (A,B) and phentolamine (C,D). Asterisks represent significant (P<0.05) drug responses, and a bar that overlaps different percentages of incubation indicates that the values are statistically similar between these periods. Data are presented as means ± 1 S.E.M. N=5 for each incubation period studied.

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2003