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The swamp eel Monopterus albus reduces endogenous ammonia production and detoxifies ammonia to glutamine during 144 h of aerial exposure

Angeline S. L. Tay1, Shit F. Chew2 and Yuen K. Ip1,*

1 Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
2 Natural Sciences, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Republic of Singapore



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  		Fig. 1. Effects of aerial exposure on the rates of (A) ammonia and (B) urea excretion (µmol day-1 g-1) of Monopterus albus. Values are means + S.E.M. (N=4). W, in water; A, in air; *significantly different from the values of the corresponding control in water at P<0.05.

 


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  		Fig. 2. Effects of various periods of aerial exposure on the concentrations (µmol g-1 wet mass or µmol ml-1; N=4) of ammonia in (A) muscle, (B) liver, (C) brain, (D) gut and (E) plasma of Monopterus albus. Values are means + S.E.M. W, in water; A, in air; asignificantly different from the 0 h water control value; bsignificantly different from the value of 24 h in air; csignificantly different from the value of 72 h in air; dsignificantly different from the value of 144 h in air.

 


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  		Fig. 3. Effects of various periods of aerial exposure on the concentrations (µmol g-1 wet mass or µmol ml-1; N=4) of urea in (A) muscle, (B) liver, (C) brain, (D) gut and (E) plasma of Monopterus albus. Values are means + S.E.M. W, in water; A, in air; asignificantly different from the 0 hwater control value; bsignificantly different from the value of 24 h in air; csignificantly different from the value of 72 h in air; dsignificantly different from the value of 144 h in air.

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2003