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The representation of conspecific sounds in the auditory brainstem of teleost fishes

Lidia Eva Wysocki^* and Friedrich Ladich

Institute of Zoology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) waveforms (dark lines) of P. pictus in response to stridulation-sound stimuli (light traces) presented at opposite polarities and the corresponding stimuli. Bold traces are the mean of each pair. The arrows indicate the reference peaks for the measurements of latencies. The small horizontal bar at the left side indicates the latency of the first ABR wave.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) waveforms (dark traces) and oscillograms of each sound stimulus (light traces) of the different species investigated at 20 dB above mean hearing threshold of each particular species within (A) siluriforms, (B) cypriniforms and (C) perciforms. All stimuli were recorded under water with the hydrophone 2 cm away from the animals. The amplitudes of the sound waveforms were adjusted to fit to the proportions of the ABR waveforms.

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) waveforms (dark traces) and oscillograms of stimuli (light traces) of (A) the natural sound, (B) the modified sound with pulses 2 and 3 omitted and (C) the resulting waveforms after a point-to-point subtraction of B from A of L. gibbosus. For further details, see Fig. 2.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Correlation between stimulus pulse amplitudes and amplitudes of the corresponding auditory brainstem response (ABR) waveforms in (A) P. costatus and (B) T. vittata. The different symbols represent different individuals tested. Regression equations are: ABR amplitude=amplitude of sound pulsesx(0.02–0.103) for A, and ABR amplitude=amplitude of sound pulsesx(0.00057–0.062) for B.

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Fast Fourier transformations (FFTs) of sound stimuli recorded by the hydrophone 2 cm away from the fish (light traces) and the auditory brainstem response (ABR) waves elicited (dark traces). (A) The drumming sound of P. pictus, (B) the two-pulsed sound of B. modesta, (C) the three-pulsed sound of B. modesta and (D) the sound of L. gibbosus. All stimuli and ABRs were recorded at 25 dB above mean hearing threshold of each particular species (30 dB for C). The double-headed arrows in A indicate harmonics of the stimulus that correspond to spectral peaks of the ABRs; the single arrows indicate spectral peaks of the ABR waveforms at frequencies representing additional harmonics of the stimulus. Note the different frequency scalings for each species. The error of the frequency axis is ±20 Hz due to the bandwidth settings of the FFT calculations.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) waveforms (dark traces) of P. pictus in response to heterospecific sound stimuli (light traces). All sounds were played back at a sound pressure level of 100±1 dB re 1 µPa. For further details, see Fig. 2.

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) waveforms (dark traces) of two different individuals of L. gibbosus in response to heterospecific sound stimuli (light traces). Sounds were played back at sound pressure levels of 113 dB (stridulation sound of P. pictus), 120 dB (sound of T. vittata) and 129 dB (sound of B. modesta) re 1 µPa. For further details, see Fig. 2.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Mean (± S.E.M.) hearing thresholds (dark bars) and mean sound pressure levels (SPLs; RMS fast, calculated to a distance of 3 cm from the measuring hydrophone; light bars) of the sounds produced by the different species in dB re 1 µPa. The line bars within the mean SPLs indicate the range measured from minimum to maximum SPLs. SPL values of sounds were measured during previous studies (Ladich, 1998; Ladich, 1999; Wysocki and Ladich, 2002). Bm, Botia modesta (all sounds); Lg, Lepomis gibbosus (natural sounds); Pc, Platydoras costatus; Pp strid, Pimelodus pictus stridulation; Pp drum, Pimelodus pictus drumming sounds; Tv, Trichopsis vittata.

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