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Permeation and toxicity of ethylene glycol and methanol in larvae of Anopheles gambiae

Xiang-Hong Liu1,*, Hongjun Pan2 and Peter Mazur1

1 Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37932-2575, USA
2 Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA



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  		Fig. 1. Proton NMR spectrum of 1 mol l-1 ethylene glycol (EG) solution showing three distinguishable peaks. The peak at a chemical shift of approximately 3.5 p.p.m. represents CH2 protons from EG, and the peak at a chemical shift of approximately 4.7 p.p.m. arises from the OH protons from both water and EG. The left-hand peak is the reference CHCl3 proton peak. The data were acquired using a Varian Mercury 300 NMR spectrometer with proton resonance frequency at 300 MHz and subjected to Fourier transformation.

 


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  		Fig. 2. Comparison of calculated curves and the NMR-measured curves of the proton molar ratio (CH2/OH or CH3/OH) versus the molar concentration of (A) ethylene glycol (EG) and (B) methanol. The NMR-measured values are means ± S.E.M.; N=2 or 3.

 


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  		Fig. 3. Influx and efflux kinetics of cryoprotective agents in and out of 1st instar Anopheles larvae at room temperature. (A) Influx and efflux of 1.5 mol l-1 ethylene glycol (EG) in Anopheles larvae as a function of time. (B) Influx and efflux of 1.5 mol l-1 methanol in Anopheles larvae as a function of time. Values are means ± S.E.M.; N=3.

 


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  		Fig. 4. Toxicity of 1.5 mol l-1 ethylene glycol (EG) and 1.5 mol l-1 methanol to 1st instar Anopheles larvae at room temperature. Larval survival was normalized with respect to that of untreated controls, which was 87.9±2.5%. Values are means ± S.E.M.; N=4.

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2003