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Unconventional ventral attachment of time–depth recorders as a new method for investigating time budget and diving behaviour of seabirds

Yann Tremblay^1,*, Yves Cherel¹, Marc Oremus¹, Torkild Tveraa² and Olivier Chastel¹

¹ Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UPR 1934 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), BP 14, F-79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
² Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Division for Arctic Ecology, The Polar Environmental Centre, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. The various activities of common guillemots, and predictions for changes in various parameters according to activity. D, depth; L, light intensity; T, temperature.

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Light and temperature recordings selected to illustrate various activities of common guillemots fitted with a ventrally attached time-depth recorder

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Foraging behaviour of one common guillemot during one complete foraging trip. (A) The first and (B) the second halves of the trip. The lines indicate the recorded activity of the bird, and its diving depth. Note (i) that the bird did not fly during the time elapsed from diving bout 3 to diving bout 7, and (ii) that it was either active (bouts 1, 2 and 4) or resting (bouts 5, 6 and 7) at the sea surface during dive intervals within diving bouts.

View larger version (47K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Overall time budget (A) and time budget at sea (B) of common guillemots rearing chicks. Pie charts (top) include pooled data from all birds, whereas bar charts (bottom) illustrate time allocation for each of the 12 experimental birds.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Frequency distribution of the duration of trips to sea by experimental (open circles; birds fitted with time-depth recorders) and control (filled circles; birds fitted with VHF radio transmitters) common guillemots.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Number of diving bouts (A) and dives (B), and total flying time (C) relative to trip duration in common guillemots.

View larger version (39K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Frequency distribution of dive depth (A), dive duration (B) and post-dive interval (C), and the relationship between dive duration and dive depth (D).

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Relationship between the median dive:PDI ratio and the dive duration. Boxes and bars illustrate the 25/75 and the 10/90 percentiles, respectively.

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