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Nutrient balancing in grasshoppers: behavioural and physiological correlates of dietary breadth

D. Raubenheimer^1,* and S. J. Simpson^1,2

¹ Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
² University Museum of Natural History, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Bi-variate selected intake point by L. migratoria and S. gregaria over the first 3 days and 5 days of the final larval stadium and across the entire stadium.

View larger version (12K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Relationship between protein consumed and carcass nitrogen (A), protein consumed and unaccounted body mass (carcass dry mass minus nitrogen and lipid) (B), and unaccounted body mass and carcass nitrogen (C) in larval L. migratoria and S. gregaria.

View larger version (37K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Duration of the 5th larval stadium in L. migratoria and S. gregaria fed one of a range of diets differing in protein:carbohydrate (P:C) ratio.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Intake points of L. migratoria and S. gregaria fed one of a range of diets differing in protein:carbohydrate (P:C) ratio over the first 3 days (A) and 5 days (B) of the 5th larval stadium and across the entire stadium (C). The angle of each dotted line (`nutritional rail') depicts the P:C ratio of the food it represents. Since intake points were not free to vary other than along the relevant nutritional rail, S.E.M. are coincident with the rails (solid lines). See text for explanation of statistical tests.

View larger version (58K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Comparison of (A) adult dry mass, (B) carcass nitrogen, (C) carcass lipids and (D) unaccounted mass (carcass dry mass minus nitrogen and lipid) in L. migratoria and S. gregaria fed one of a range of diets differing in protein:carbohydrate (P:C) ratio for the duration of the 5th larval stadium.

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Marginal means from analysis of covariance (ANCOVA; Table 6) used to estimate utilization efficiencies for L. migratoria and S. gregaria fed one of a range of diets differing in protein:carbohydrate (P:C) ratio for the duration of the 5th larval stadium. (A) Carcass nitrogen corrected for protein intake, (B) carcass lipid corrected for protein and carbohydrate intake and (C) unaccounted body mass (carcass dry mass minus nitrogen and lipid) corrected for protein and carbohydrate intake.