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Energetics of diving in macaroni penguins

J. A. Green1, P. J. Butler1,*, A. J. Woakes1 and I. L. Boyd2,{dagger}

1 School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
2 British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
{dagger} Present address: Sea Mammal Research Unit, Gatty Marine Laboratory, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, Scotland



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  		Fig. 1. Influence of time of day on (A) dive depth, (B) dive duration and (C) dive rate, recorded from 13 breeding female macaroni penguins. All values are means ± S.E.M. Shaded areas indicate hours of darkness, and broken vertical lines indicate dawn and dusk at the beginning of the season.

 


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  		Fig. 2. Mean frequency distributions from 13 breeding female macaroni penguins of (A) dive depth and (B) dive duration. All dives were within bouts of three or more dives. Values are means + S.E.M.

 


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  		Fig. 3. Relationship between the drop in abdominal temperature ({Delta}Tab) and duration of diving bouts recorded from 13 breeding female macaroni penguins. y=0.04x+0.91.

 


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  		Fig. 4. (A) Changes in depth during dives of 102-110 s and (B) associated changes in heart rate (filled circles) with overall heart rate during diving bouts (open circles), recorded from 13 breeding female macaroni penguins. Values are means ± S.E.M.

 


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  		Fig. 5. Change in observed calculated aerobic dive limit (cADL, open diamonds, with 95% confidence limits) with increasing dive duration (grouped into 10 s bins). The line marked by filled diamonds represents the line of equality where cADL equals dive duration. Dive durations (on the line of equality) above the observed cADLs probably involve an anaerobic component. Also shown are the cumulative percentage frequency of dive durations (grey bars).

 

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