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Metabolic plasticity and critical temperatures for aerobic scope in a eurythermal marine invertebrate (Littorina saxatilis, Gastropoda: Littorinidae) from different latitudes

Inna M. Sokolova^* and Hans-Otto Pörtner

Lab. Ecophysiology and Ecotoxicology, Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Columbusstr., 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Temperature dependence of the respiration rates in (A) North Sea and (B) White Sea Littorina saxatilis acclimated to 13°C and 4°C. High critical temperatures (Tc IIc and Tc IIw in cold- and warm-acclimated animals, respectively) are indicated by arrows. These are the temperatures where an onset of anaerobiosis occurred as determined by significant succinate accumulation compared with the respective control level (see Fig. 3). N=6-16 for each data point.

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Activation energy of aerobic respiration in North Sea and White Sea Littorina saxatilis acclimated to 13° and 4°C. Arrhenius breakpoint temperatures (ABTs) are given above the respective columns. Activation energy (Ea) values below and above the respective ABTs were determined in the temperature range 0-28°C. Ea values beyond ABT were significantly lower than Ea values above the ABT in all experimental groups (P<0.05). On the x-axis, the population of origin (North Sea vs White Sea) and acclimation temperatures (4°C vs 13°C) are indicated.

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Changes in (A,B) succinate and (C,D) malate levels in foot muscle tissue of Littorina saxatilis during temperature incubations. High critical temperatures (Tc IIc and Tc IIw in cold- and warm-acclimated animals, respectively) are indicated by arrows. These are the temperatures where an onset of anaerobiosis occurred as determined by significant succinate accumulation compared with the respective control level. Open symbols denote values that are significantly different from the respective controls (P<0.05). N=5-10 for each data point.

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Changes in (A,B) phospho-L-arginine (PLA) and (C,D) L-arginine (L-Arg) levels in foot muscle tissue of Littorina saxatilis during temperature incubations. High critical temperatures (Tc IIc and Tc IIw in cold- and warm-acclimated animals, respectively) are indicated by arrows. These are the temperatures where an onset of anaerobiosis occurred as determined by significant succinate accumulation compared with the respective control level. Open symbols denote values that are significantly different from the respective controls (P<0.05). N=5-10 for each data point.

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Changes in the (A,B) phosphagen/aphosphagen ratio (RPLA) and (C,D) ATP levels in foot muscle tissue of Littorina saxatilis during temperature incubations. High critical temperatures (Tc IIc and Tc IIw in cold- and warm-acclimated animals, respectively) are indicated by arrows. These are the temperatures where an onset of anaerobiosis occurred as determined by significant succinate accumulation compared with the respective control level. Open symbols denote values that are significantly different from the respective controls (P<0.05). N=5-10 for each data point.

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Aerobic and anaerobic ATP turnover rates (ATP) at 32°C in North Sea and White Sea Littorina saxatilis acclimated at 13°C and 4°C. The rate of ATP turnover during anaerobiosis (amount of ATP consumed per g wet mass per hour) was calculated from end product accumulation and ATP and phospho-L-arginine (PLA) depletion as described in the text, assuming an ATP equivalent of 2.75 µmol per µmol of succinate. The aerobic ATP turnover rate was calculated from routine oxygen consumption rates, assuming that 6 mol ATP produced 1 mol O2.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Relative contribution of succinate accumulation and depletion of high-energy phosphates to anaerobic ATP turnover in Littorina saxatilis at 32°C in water. Upper row, White Sea snails; lower row, North Sea snails.

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