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Fine-scale patterns of odor encounter by the antennules of mantis shrimp tracking turbulent plumes in wave-affected and unidirectional flow

Kristina S. Mead1,*, Megan B. Wiley2, M. A. R. Koehl3 and Jeffrey R. Koseff2

1 Biology Department, Denison University, Granville, OH 43023, USA
2 Environmental Fluid Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 93405-4020, USA
3 Department of Integrative Biology, VLSB 3060, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA



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  		Fig. 1. Flume set-up. The experimental set-up consisted of the Recirculating Wave-Current Flume (RWCF) set to produce either 5 cm s-1 unidirectional flow or 0.5 Hz waves with a velocity range of -5 cm s-1 to 9 cm s-1 at a height of 2 cm, the height of the stomatopod antennules. A laser light sheet fluoresced the rhodamine-spiked odor plume, so that the structure of the odor plume could be recorded by the two planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) cameras filming through the bottom of the flume and the top camera filming through the water's surface.

 


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  		Fig. 2. Stomatopod in flume. (A) An image of Hemisquilla ensiguera californica navigating an odor plume recorded by the overhead camera. (B) H. ensiguera californica plume tracking within the field of view of the downstream planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) camera recording from below. Both images are from successful searches in wave-affected flow.

 


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  		Fig. 5. Available source concentration (Cavailable/Csource). (A) The maximum available source concentration as a function of the track. (B) The mean available source concentration. Tracks in wave-affected flow are shown in bars with black diagonal stripes (mean of all four wave-affected flow tracks in black bar), and tracks in unidirectional flow are shown in bars with gray diagonal stripes (mean of all three unidirectional flow tracks in gray bar). Values are means ± S.D. The number of flicks (N) for each track is shown in parentheses above the bar.

 


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  		Fig. 7. Odor concentration along the antennule (C) normalized by available signal concentration (Cavailable). (A) The maximum concentration along the antennule as a function of the track. (B) The mean concentration along the antennule. Tracks in wave-affected flow are shown in bars with black diagonal stripes (mean of all five wave-affected flow tracks in black bar), and tracks in unidirectional flow are shown in bars with gray diagonal stripes (mean of all three unidirectional flow tracks in gray bar). Values are means ± S.D. The number of flicks (N) for each track is shown in parentheses above the bar.

 


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  		Fig. 3. Signal characteristics. Fc, filament concentration: the maximum concentration per filament. Fs, filament sharpness: the maximum concentration of a filament divided by the distance from the edge of the filament to the point of maximum concentration. Fw, filament width: the distance along the antennule over which the concentration is above background.

 


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  		Fig. 6. Odor concentration along the antennule (C) normalized by source concentration (Csource). (A) The maximum concentration along the antennule as a function of the track. (B) The mean concentration along the antennule. Tracks in wave-affected flow are shown in bars with black diagonal stripes (mean of all four wave-affected flow tracks in black bar), and tracks in unidirectional flow are shown in bars with gray diagonal stripes (mean of all three unidirectional flow tracks in gray bar). Values are means ± S.D. The number of flicks (N) for each track is shown in parentheses above the bar.

 


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  		Fig. 4. Fine-scale odor structure along the antennule during flicking (C), normalized by source concentration (Csource). (A) Odor concentration along the antennules as a function of time in wave-affected flow. (B) Similar information from a successful track in unidirectional flow. These panels show the odor concentration along each antennule during flicking, which is when the animal samples odors. Each vertical bar indicates a flick. In most cases, a flick lasts one frame only, but in six cases, the flick takes two frames to complete. The top portion of each panel shows odor concentration along the left antennule, and the bottom portion shows odor concentration along the right antennule during the same successful track. Only odor structure encountered by the outer portion of the antennule (where the aesthetascs are located) is shown. The odor concentration is color-coded; red indicates background levels, yellow indicates low concentration, and blue indicates high concentration.

 


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  		Fig. 8. Filament width (W) along the antennule. Tracks in wave-affected flow are shown in bars with black diagonal stripes (mean of all four wave-affected flow tracks in black bar), and tracks in unidirectional flow are shown in bars with gray diagonal stripes (mean of all three unidirectional flow tracks in gray bar). Values are means ± S.D. The number of flicks (N) for each track is shown in parentheses above the bar.

 


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  		Fig. 9. Filament sharpness along the antennule. Filament sharpness is defined as the ratio of the maximum concentration, C (normalized by the source strength, Csource) to the spatial distance from the edge of the filament to the point of maximum concentration, W (normalized by the source diameter, Dsource). Tracks in wave-affected flow are shown in bars with black diagonal stripes (mean of all four wave-affected flow tracks in black bar), and tracks in unidirectional flow are shown in bars with gray diagonal stripes (mean of all three unidirectional flow tracks in gray bar). Values are means ± S.D. The number of flicks (N) for each track is shown in parentheses above the bar.

 

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